Table 2.
Odds Ratios of ARV Diversion using the Health Care Utilization Model (N=477)
| Model 1: Environment Factors |
Model 2: + Predisposing Factors |
Model 3: + Enabling Factors |
Model 4: + Need Factors |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ENVIRONMENT FACTORS | ||||
| ARV illicit market price structure | ||||
| Unfamiliar | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Familiar | 8.41*** (5.46,12.95) |
8.47*** (5.22,13.75) |
10.05*** (6.00,16.85) |
10.63*** (6.24,18.11) |
| Number of people in diverters network | 1.01 (0.99,1.03) |
1.00 (0.98,1.02) |
1.00 (0.98,1.02) |
1.01 (0.98,1.03) |
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS | ||||
| Traditional Domain | ||||
| Age | 1.01 (0.98,1.04) |
1.02 (0.99,1.05) |
1.01 (0.98,1.05) |
|
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Male | 2.27*** (1.40,3.67) |
2.12** (1.28,3.51) |
2.28** (1.35,3.85) |
|
| Education | ||||
| High School Education or more | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Less than High School Education | 1.40 (0.86,2.26) |
1.30 (0.80,2.13) |
1.34 (0.80,2.25) |
|
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Black/African-American | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.13 (0.57,2.26) |
1.25 (0.62,2.53) |
1.28 (0.61,2.66) |
|
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.56 (0.30,1.03) |
0.62 (0.33,1.17) |
0.65 (0.34,1.26) |
|
| Health Literacy | 0.95 (0.89,1.03) |
0.96 (0.89,1.03) |
0.95 (0.88,1.03) |
|
| Years HIV Positive | 0.99 (0.95,1.02) |
1.00 (0.96,1.03) |
0.99 (0.96,1.03) |
|
| HIV Illness & Treatment Knowledge Scale | 0.74** (0.60,0.91) |
0.75** (0.60,0.92) |
0.74** (0.59,0.92) |
|
| AMAS ARV Medication Attitudes Scale | 0.96 (0.83,1.12) |
0.99 (0.84,1.16) |
0.97 (0.81,1.15) |
|
| Vulnerable Domain | ||||
| Homeless (within 30 days) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.97** (1.19,3.25) |
1.66 (0.97,2.83) |
1.56 (0.89,2.72) |
|
| Substance Dependence (last 30 days ) | 1.14** (1.04,1.25) |
1.16** (1.05,1.28) |
1.15** (1.04,1.28) |
|
| Depressive Symptom (last year) | 0.99 (0.91,1.08) |
1.00 (0.91,1.08) |
0.99 (0.89,1.09) |
|
| ENABLING FACTORS | ||||
| Traditional Domain | ||||
| Income ($/month) | ||||
| More than $500 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| $0 to 500/month income | 2.28** (1.35,3.85) |
2.25** (1.31,3.87) |
||
| General Social Support | 1.05 (0.98,1.14) |
1.05 (0.97,1.14) |
||
| Time at Usual Source of Care | ||||
| More than 3 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1-3 years | 1.19 (0.68,2.07) |
1.16 (0.66,2.06) |
||
| Less than 12 months | 1.92* (1.04,3.54) |
1.74 (0.92,3.29) |
||
| Vulnerable Domain | ||||
| HIV Treatment Access | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) |
0.98 (0.91,1.05) |
||
| Attitudes Toward HIV Provider | 1.02 (0.96,1.07) |
1.01 (0.96,1.07) |
||
| NEED FACTORS | ||||
| Traditional Domain | ||||
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Excellent/Very Good | 1.00 | |||
| Good | 1.26 (0.62,2.53) |
|||
| Fair | 0.69 (0.34,1.39) |
|||
| Poor | 1.00 (0.37,2.65) |
|||
| Medical Problems Interfere with Activity | ||||
| 0 days | 1.00 | |||
| Less than 31 days | 1.88* (1.05,3.35) |
|||
| More than 31 days | 2.054* (1.03,4.08) |
|||
| Vulnerable Domain | ||||
| Diagnosed with STI (last year) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.22 (0.70,2.13) |
|||
| Current CD4+ count | ||||
| ≥200 | 1.00 | |||
| <200 | 0.79 (0.41,1.52) |
|||
| Missing | 0.59 (0.24,1.48) |
|||
| Side effects from ARVs | 0.98* (0.96,1.00) |
|||
| BIC | 557.9 | 572.9 | 591.5 | 631.3 |
| Wald test (Chi-square) | 82.61 | 36.45 | 15.18 | 14.72 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
| Log Likelihood Ratio Test vs. Full Model 4 | 93.22 | 34.14 | 15.68 | - |
| p-value (Log Likelihood Ratio Test) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.074 | - |
Source: ARV Diversion Study 2010-2012; Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
Logistic Regression using Block Addition of Dimensions from Health Care Utilization Model
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001