Table 2.
Participant and study characteristics
| Authors | Study | SCI level | Patient number | Mean age (years) | Mean delay since injury (months) | Tasks | Kinematic device | EMG recording | Table height | Velocity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (range or SD) | (range or SD) | |||||||||
| Acosta et al. | CC | C5 | 2 | 48 (SD 2.6) | NA | Overheadi | Optotrak™ | No | No table | Comfortable |
| C6 | 3 | |||||||||
| Cacho et al. | CC | C6 | 11 | 30.5 (SD 6.5) | 70.9 (SD 44.0) | Grasping1 | Qualisys™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| C7 | 9 | |||||||||
| Gronley et al. | SC | C6 | 15 | 33 (22 to 44) | 108 (36 to 252) | Overheadii | VICON™ | Inv | No table | Comfortable |
| Hoffmann et al. | SC | C6 | 9 | 28.7 (24 to 34) | 30.5 (7 to 120) | Grasping1 | Fastrak™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| C7 | 2 | |||||||||
| Hoffmann et al. | CC | C6 | 8 | 30.4 (24 to 43) | 25.4 (5 to 56) | Reachinga | Fastrak™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| C7 | 7 | 28.8 (24 to 36) | 70.2 (7 to 262) | |||||||
| Jacquier-Bret et al. | CC | C6 | 5 | 39.6 (SD 9.7) | NA | Grasping2 | Flocks of Birds™ | Surf | Elbow | Comfortable |
| Koshland et al. | CC | C6 | 5 | NA (25 to 37) | NA (132 to 216) | Reachingb | Videotape recording | Surf | Elbow | Quick |
| Laffont et al. | SC | C6 | 4 | 29 (26 to 34) | 10 (5 to 19) | Reachingc,d | Fastrak™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| Grasping1 | ||||||||||
| Maksimovic et al. | CC | C4 | 2 | 33.1 (3 to 60) | 68.7 (12 to 144) | Overheadiii | Goniometer | No | No table | Comfortable |
| C5 | 2 | |||||||||
| C6 | 5 | |||||||||
| C7 | 7 | |||||||||
| Mateo et al. | CC | C6 | 4 | 27.5 (SD 8.3) | 68 (6 to 216) | Reachingc | VICON™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| Grasping3,4 | ||||||||||
| Nunome et al. | CC | C7 | 5 | 32.6 (SD 2.4) | NA (108 to 252) | Basketball throw | Videotape recording | No | No table | Comfortable |
| C8 | 1 | |||||||||
| Popovic et Popovic | CC | C6 | 6 | NA | NA | Reachingd | Goniometer | No | Shoulder | Comfortable |
| Robinson, Barton et al. | CC | C5 | 2 | 42.8 (SD 12.1) | 183.3 (SD 126.9) | Reachinge | Qualisys™ | No | No table | Comfortable |
| C6 | 8 | |||||||||
| C7 | 1 | |||||||||
| Robinson, Hayes et al. | CC | C6 | 5 | 39 (SD 9) | 211.2 (SD 60.4) | Reachingf | Qualisys™ | No | Elbow | Quick |
| Reft et hasan | CC | C7 | 1 | 25.8 (23 to 35) | NA (36 to 92 ) | Reachingg | Selspot™ | No | No table | Quick |
| T1 and T2 | 2 | |||||||||
| T4 | 2 | |||||||||
| Remy-Neris et al. | CC | C6 | 5 | 27.0 (SD 6.0) | Chronic SCI | Overheadiv | VICON™ | No | No table | Comfortable |
| Reyes-Guzman et al. | CC | C6 | 8 | 33.6 (SD 13.0) | 8.5 (SD 2.2) | Grasping5 | Codamotion™ | No | Elbow | Comfortable |
| C7 | 8 | 28.8 (SD 9.8) | 7.5 (SD 1.9) | |||||||
| Wierzbicka et al. | CC | C5 | 7 | 40 (21 to 64) | 149.3 (3.6 to 432) | Elbow flexion | Homemade | Surf | Shoulder | Quick |
Reaching: awith a pointer fixed at dorsum of the hand; bwith arm rolling on table and wrist splinted; ctarget on the table; dobject non specified; etargets at 5 locations of reachable space; fhand rolling over table with frictionless system; g2 targets set at ipsilateral shoulder level.
Grasping: 1a cone; 2a low mass cubic object; 3apple; 4vertical floppy disk; 5a glass.
Overhead movements: iShoulder flexion, abduction in frontal plane and in scapula plane with elbow extended; iiShoulder flexion and abduction and 4 ADL (consisting in drinking from an empty cup, flipping a lightswitch, hair combing, and reaching for the perineum.); iiiShoulder flexion and abduction; ivShoulder flexion with elbow extended or hand to nape of the neck.
Abbreviations: SCI Spinal cord injury, NA not available, SC series case, CC control case, ADL activity of daily life, Inv invasive, Surf surface.