Table 5.

Kinematic characteristics of reach-to-grasping movements after tetraplegia

Parameters		Main results	SCI motor level			References
			C5	C6	C7
Movement time (MT)	T	Increased		X	X	[3, 14, 35, 37]
Velocity Peak (PV)	T	Decreased		X	X	[3, 14, 29, 35]
		Variability increased		X		[35]
		Negative correlation with ASIA score		X	X	[37]
Time to PV (TPV)	T	Delayed time to PV		X	X	[3, 14, 37]
Number of PV	T	Two peaks (reaching and return)		X	X	[29, 35]
		Additional PV (grasping)		X	X	[29, 35, 37]
Velocity	T	Stable1 before grasping		X		[15]
Velocity profile2	T	Asymmetric with a prolonged decelerative phase		X		[3, 35]
Trajectory3	S	Straight and smooth		X		[35]
Trajectory4	S	Reduced and less straight		X		[35]
Trajectory5	S	Increased curvature index		X	X	[37]
Trajectory6	S	Negative correlation with FIM		X	X	[37]
Hand height	S	Increased at the end of the reaching phase		X	X	[3, 29, 35]
Joint motion	S	Similar pattern of joint rotation		X	X	[14, 37]
		Increased of scapula movement		X		[15, 35]
		Increased wrist flexion/extension range of motion		X	X	[3, 14, 29]
		Wrist flexion during reaching		X	X	[3, 14, 15, 29]
		Wrist extension for grasping and manipulating		X	X	[3, 14, 15, 29]
		Increased of wrist extension for LG vs WHG		X		[3]
Joint coordination7	S	Temporal linear relationship		X	X	[14, 29, 35]
Joint coordination8	S	Temporal decoupling		X	X	[29]
EMG activity	N	Increased		X		[15]
		Activation of agonist without antagonist muscle		X		[15]

¹for shoulder flexion, elbow extension and wrist tangential velocity; ²of hand and finger; ³of elbow, hand and finger; ⁴of acromion; ⁵of wrist; ⁶of index; ⁷of shoulder and elbow; ⁸of shoulder and wrist; ^a2002.

Abbreviations: T Temporal kinematic parameter, S Spatial kinematic parameter, N Non kinematic parameter, PV Velocity Peak, FIM Functional Independence Measure, LG Lateral Grip, WHG Whole Hand Grip.