Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015 Feb 24;8(5):419–430. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0418

Figure 5. Evaluation of the effects of 4-HPR and freeze dried blackraspberries (BRB) on cell invasion.

Figure 5

(A) The effects of 4-HPR and BRB of directed cell invasion were evaluated by using collagen IV-coated transwell membrane (8 micron pores). Cells were stained with 0.1% v/v crystal violet after 4% paraformaldehyde fixation. 5uM 4-HPR significantly inhibited invasion in all cell lines with 2095sc cells showing most 4-HPR responsiveness. While single agent treatment with BRB significantly suppressed invasion in the JSCC2 and 2095sc cell lines, concurrent 4-HPR + BRB demonstrated additive (EPI and 2095sc) or synergistic (JSCC-2) anti-invasive effects. (B) Histogram depiction of 4-HPR and BRB’s effects on cell invasion of a synthetic basement membrane. (n=8, error bars represent SEM, * p<0.0001). Data were normalized to the total area of the field. Introduction of the FAK inhibitor II (0.5 and 2.5 μM), which inhibits FAK’s kinase function, had no effects on cell invasion (Supplemental Figure S2).