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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2015 Feb 9;41:59–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.01.008

Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects at beginning of each wave

Wave 1 (n = 120) Wave 2 (n = 92)
Male (%) 58 57
Race (%)
        Caucasian 53 52
        African American 42 43
        Other 5 5
Years age 46 (9) 46 (9)
Years education 12 (2) 12 (2)
Income (all sources, last 30 days) $1298 ($815) $1297 ($1361)
Marital status (%)
        Married 5 5
        Widowed 4 5
        Separated 5 1
        Divorced 28 27
        Never married 54 57
        Cohabitating 3 4
Employment status (%)
        Full-time 7 7
        Part-time 6 7
        Unemployed 49 54
        Not in labor force 38 32
Lifetime serious depression (%) 63 68
Lifetime anxiety (%) 65 65
Lifetime suicidal thoughts (%) 29 29
Lifetime suicide attempt (%) 21 21
Lifetime dependence diagnosis (%)
        Opioids 98 97
        Cocaine 65 64
        Marijuana 21 20
        Alcohol 38 38
Lifetime substance abuse treatment (%) 86 90
Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) score 20 (3) 19 (4)
Delay discounting rate (k) .08 (.09) .07 (.08)
Urine sample positive at beginning of wave (%)
        Opioids 67 52
        Cocaine 43 42
        Marijuana 32 30
Urine sample positive at end of wave (%) (n = 112) (n = 88)
        Opioids 66 48
        Cocaine 38 44
        Marijuana 34 33

Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations for non-binary characteristics.