TABLE 2.

Associations between partner violence and women’s new onset of depression

Time	Risk factors	Model 1 unadjusted		Model 2 adjusted for child maltreatment		Model 3 adjusted for all confounders
		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Panel A	Risk associated with exposure to violence
T2	Partner violence	2.59	1.67–4.00	2.12	1.35–3.33	1.72	1.07–2.77
	Childhood maltreatment			2.28	1.45–3.60	2.01	1.25–3.22
T3	Partner violence	2.66	1.81–3.91	2.25	1.51–3.37	1.61	1.05–2.48
	Childhood maltreatment			3.27	2.19–4.89	2.64	1.74–4.01
Panel B	Cumulative risk associated with exposure to violence
T2	Either	2.71	1.59–4.59	—	—	2.25	1.31–3.89
	Both	4.80	2.63–8.75	—	—	3.43	1.79–6.57
T3	Either	2.78	1.73–4.49	—	—	2.09	1.27–3.44
	Both	7.38	4.35–12.51	—	—	4.30	2.43–7.60
Panel C	Risk associated with a variety index of abusive acts
T2	Limited (1 or 2)	0.31	0.67–2.55	1.16	0.59–2.29	1.06	0.53–2.10
	Moderate range (3 to 6)	2.25	1.25–4.07	1.99	1.09–3.63	1.65	0.88–3.09
	Wide range (≥ 7)	4.71	2.70–8.24	3.44	1.91–6.18	2.53	1.33–4.82
T3	Limited (1 or 2)	2.20	1.28–3.79	1.96	1.12–3.42	1.70	0.96–3.02
	Moderate range (3 to 6)	2.75	1.62–4.65	2.41	1.40–4.14	1.69	0.95–3.00
	Wide range (≥ 7)	4.33	2.56–7.34	3.48	2.01–6.04	1.88	1.02–3.47

Note: Model 3; Panel A controlled for childhood maltreatment, socioeconomic deprivation, antisocial personality, and young motherhood. Model 3; Panel B controlled for socioeconomic deprivation, antisocial personality, and young motherhood. Comparison groups are the absence of both childhood maltreatment and partner violence for Panel B and the absence of partner violence for Panel C. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals.