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(a) Macrophages can differentiate into specific subpopulations with distinct phenotypes and functions. (b) In acute inflammation, macrophage phenotypes such as M2 and Mreg are usually beneficial for immunosuppression, scar resolution, and remodeling. In chronic inflammation, macrophage phenotypes such as M2 and M2a can stimulate excessive tissue remodeling resulting in fibrosis. [Reproduced, with permission, from 69]
