Table 1.
Patient characteristics per study group
| Variables | No-HF (n = 75) | HFpEF (n = 75) | HFrEF (n = 75) | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 72 ± 9 | 75 ± 7 | 70 ± 11 | 0.008‡ |
| Male, % | 44 (59%) | 46 (61%) | 55 (73%) | 0.15 |
| SBP, mmHg | 136 ± 20 | 124 ± 21 | 116 ± 21 | <0.001*† |
| DBP, mmHg | 81 ± 13 | 74 ± 12 | 70 ± 10 | <0.01* <0.001† |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 67 ± 10 | 70 ± 13 | 67 ± 13 | 0.45 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 ± 4 | 31 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | <0.001*‡ |
| Hypertension, % | 60 (80%) | 63 (84%) | 25 (33%) | <0.001†‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 14 (19%) | 23 (31%) | 11 (15%) | 0.02‡ |
| Dyslipidaemia, % | 47 (63%) | 47 (63%) | 56 (75%) | 0.20 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, % | 19 (25%) | 35 (47%) | 48 (64%) | 0.007* <0.001† 0.03‡ |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 9 (12%) | 60 (80%) | 43 (57%) | <0.001*† 0.003‡ |
| BNP, pg/mL | 32 (15–70) | 215 (126–353) | 139 (71–254) | <0.001*† <0.05‡ |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, % | 47 (63%) | 52 (70%) | 68 (91%) | <0.001†‡ |
| Beta-blocker, % | 28 (37%) | 65 (87%) | 60 (80%) | <0.001*† |
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 24 (32%) | 24 (32%) | 4 (5%) | <0.001†‡ |
| Diuretic, % | 32 (43%) | 70 (93%) | 55 (73%) | <0.001*† 0.002‡ |
| Statin, % | 51 (68%) | 46 (61%) | 51 (68%) | 0.61 |
| Antiplatelet, % | 43 (57%) | 38 (51%) | 46 (61%) | 0.41 |
| Warfarin, % | 5 (7%) | 23 (31%) | 29 (39%) | <0.001*† |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Ejection fraction, % | 66 ± 9 | 62 ± 7 | 36 ± 12a | <0.05* <0.001†‡ |
| Interventricular septum, mm | 11.5 ± 1.9 | 12.6 ± 2.7 | 11.5 ± 3.0 | 0.06 |
| Posterior wall, mm | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 11.0 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 2.2 | <0.01*‡ |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 95 ± 24 | 114 ± 36 | 126 ± 38 | <0.01* <0.001† |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 30 ± 11 | 52 ± 19 | 46 ± 14 | <0.001*† |
| Deceleration time, ms | 193 ± 46 | 215 ± 63 | 235 ± 84 | 0.004† |
| e′ (lat), cm/s | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 8.1 ± 3.7 | <0.05*‡ |
| Peak E, cm/s | 70 ± 18 | 99 ± 24 | 66 ± 23 | <0.001*‡ |
| E/e′ ratio | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 11.1 ± 3.6 | 9.6 ± 4.9 | 0.008* |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
P-values for numerical variables are obtained from one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis.
P-values for categorical variables are obtained from contingency χ2 or Fisher's test of the three study groups.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E/e', ratio of mitral early diastolic flow velocity over tissue Doppler lateral mitral annular lengthening velocity; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure.
*, †, and ‡ indicate significant differences between no-HF and HFpEF, no-HF and HFrEF, and HFpEF and HFrEF groups, respectively.
Ejection fraction values recorded at the time of diagnosis of HFrEF.