Table 1.
Factors Associated with Anemia in Univariate and Multivariate Analyses
| Risk factor | Non-anemic N (%) |
Anemic N (%) |
Univariate Odds Ratio (CI) |
Multivariate Odds Ratio (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 3105 (75) | 1820 (64) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Female | 1052 (25) | 1019 (36) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | 3.1 (2.8–3.6) |
| Age | ||||
| 18–30 | 1764 (42) | 1088 (38) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 31–50 | 2231 (54) | 1624 (57) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.1 (1.02–1.3) |
| >50 | 162 (4) | 127 (5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.4 (1.07–1.9) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||
| >25 | 409 (10) | 63 (2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1534 (37) | 704 (25) | 3.0 (2.3–3.9) | 2.5 (1.9–3.4) |
| <18.5 | 933 (22) | 972 (34) | 6.8 (5.1–8.9) | 4.8 (3.6–6.5) |
| Not available | 1281 (31) | 1100 (39) | -- | -- |
| CD4 cell count (cells/µL) | ||||
| >500 | 673 (16) | 167 (6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 351–500 | 440 (11) | 132 (5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) |
| 201–350 | 665 (16) | 297 (11) | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) |
| 101–200 | 469 (11) | 418 (15) | 3.6 (2.9–4.5) | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) |
| 0–100 | 421 (10) | 749 (26) | 7.2 (5.8–8.8) | 5.0 (4.0–6.3) |
| Not available | 1489 (36) | 1076 (38) | -- | |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | ||||
| No | 3338 (80) | 1784 (63) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 819 (20) | 1055 (37) | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) |
| Extrapulmonary TB | ||||
| No | 4023 (97) | 2528 (89) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 134 (3) | 311 (11) | 3.7 (3.0–4.5) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) |
| Candidiasis (Oral and Esophageal) | ||||
| No | 3109 (75) | 1594 (56) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1048 (25) | 1245 (44) | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) |
| PCP | ||||
| No | 4071 (98) | 2695 (95) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 86 (2) | 144 (5) | 2.5 (1.9–3.3) | 1.3 (0.97–1.7) |
| Cryptococcal meningitis | ||||
| No | 4121 (99) | 2801 (99) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 36 (1) | 38 (1) | 1.6 (0.98–2.46) | |
| Cytomegalovirus retinitis | ||||
| No | 4140 (99.5) | 2812 (99) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 17 (0.4) | 27 (1) | 2.3 (1.3–4.3) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) |
| Oral hairy leukoplakia | ||||
| No | 4072 (98) | 2776 (98) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 85 (2) | 63 (2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | |
| Lymphadenopathy | ||||
| No | 3891 (94) | 2492 (88) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 266 (6) | 347 (12) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) |
| Herpes zoster | ||||
| No | 3610 (87) | 2474 (87) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 547 (13) | 365 (13) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | |
| Herpes simplex | ||||
| No | 3973 (96) | 2694 (95) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 184 (4) | 145 (5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | |
| Chronic diarrhea | ||||
| No | 4014 (97) | 2671 (94) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 143 (3) | 168 (6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Bacterial infections of the skin | ||||
| No | 4144 (99.7) | 2829 (99.6) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 13 (0.3) | 10 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | |
| Fungal Skin Infections | ||||
| No | 4069 (98) | 2789 (98) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 88 (2) | 50 (2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | |
| Ascites | ||||
| No | 4153 (99.9) | 2824 (99.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 4 (0.1) | 15 (0.5) | 5.5 (1.8–16.5) | 2.4 (0.7–8.0) |
| Renal Disease | ||||
| No | 4120 (99) | 2807 (99) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 37 (1) | 32 (1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | |
| Syphilis | ||||
| No | 4150 (99.8) | 2838 (100) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 7 (0.2) | 1 (0) | 0.2 (0.03–1.7) | |
| Malaria | ||||
| No | 4150 (99.8) | 2830 (99.7) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 7 (0.2) | 9 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.7–5.1) |