Recruitment of 53BP1 and BLM foci at the sites of formaldehyde-induced DNA damage in ATM-deficient cells. (A) Survival of wild-type and ATM-deficient cells was determined by colony forming assay. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of formaldehyde for 4 h. (B) Western blot analysis of ATM protein levels in wild-type cells treated with formaldehyde (300 μM for 4 h), and allowed to recover (R) for the indicated time period. (C) Accumulation of 53BP1 foci in formaldehyde-treated ATM-deficient cells. Cells were treated with formaldehyde (300 μM for 4 h), fixed following a 24 and 48 h recovery (24R and 48R, respectively), and stained with anti-53BP1 antibody. Significant difference (Student’s t-test, ***P ≤ 0.001); NS, not significant. (D) Quantification of BLM foci in ATM-deficient cells with or without formaldehyde exposure. Cells were treated with formaldehyde (300 μM for 4 h) and fixed following a 96 h recovery (96R). For each sample, 200–300 cells were counted in every experiment. The mean and standard deviation from three or more independent experiments are shown.