Formaldehyde-induced radial formation in wild-type and BLM-deficient cells. (A) Cells were assessed for radial formation at the indicated concentrations following a 4 h formaldehyde treatment and a 48 h recovery period. Representative images of radials and chromosomal breaks are shown. Arrowheads point to chromosomal breaks, while arrows indicate radials. (B) Quantitation of cells containing radials. The mean and standard deviation from three or more independent experiments are shown. Significant difference between treated versus untreated populations (Student’s t-test, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, and ****P ≤ 0.0001). Abbreviations used: 53BP1, p53 binding protein; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related; BLM, bloom protein; CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary; DSB, double-strand break; DPC, DNA-protein crosslink.