Table 4. Odds ratios of each factor for seeking any healthcare facilities among children less than 5 years of age who experienced pneumonia-like episodes (n = 473) or severe pneumonia-like episodes (n = 274) in Biliran, the Philippines.
| Healthcare-seeking behavior | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical facility | Any healthcare facility | Biliran Provincial Hospital | |||||
| Type of episode | Pneumonia-like episode | Severe pneumonia-like episode | |||||
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age of the child (in years) | 0 | ref. | ref. | ||||
| 1 | 0.46 | 0.20–1.10 | 0.080 | 0.91 | 0.47–1.75 | 0.769 | |
| 2 | 0.59 | 0.22–1.58 | 0.296 | 0.88 | 0.39–1.99 | 0.767 | |
| 3 | 1.51 | 0.48–4.78 | 0.487 | 1.05 | 0.51–2.15 | 0.894 | |
| 4 | 0.67 | 0.23–1.94 | 0.464 | 1.00 | 0.47–2.10 | 0.996 | |
| Sex | Female | ref. | ref. | ||||
| Male | 1.17 | 0.62–2.21 | 0.619 | 0.61 | 0.37–1.02 | 0.058 | |
| Unable to drink | No | ref. | ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.62 | 0.74–3.55 | 0.231 | 0.90 | 0.55–1.46 | 0.660 | |
| Chest indrawing | No | ref. | ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.89 | 0.96–3.73 | 0.065 | 1.27 | 0.72–2.24 | 0.400 | |
| Caregiver's education level | <Secondary School | ||||||
| ≥Secondary School | 1.94 | 0.92–4.10 | 0.080 | 1.59 | 0.93–2.73 | 0.091 | |
| History of asthma | No | ref. | ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.38 | 0.72–2.65 | 0.325 | 1.42 | 0.84–2.41 | 0.187 | |
| Social economic status score | 1st quartile (highest) | ref. | ref. | ||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.30 | 0.10–0.85 | 0.024 | 0.90 | 0.42–1.95 | 0.794 | |
| 3rd quartile | 0.48 | 0.16–1.45 | 0.193 | 0.89 | 0.43–1.84 | 0.747 | |
| 4th quartile (lowest) | 0.51 | 0.17–1.54 | 0.234 | 0.67 | 0.33–1.36 | 0.264 | |
| Household member with salaried employment | None | ref. | ref. | ||||
| ≥One | 1.18 | 0.58–2.43 | 0.645 | 1.81 | 1.04–3.15 | 0.036 | |
| Travel time to the closest rural health unit or hospital | <10 min | ref. | ref. | ||||
| ≥10 min | 0.50 | 0.27–0.95 | 0.034 | 0.48 | 0.27–0.85 | 0.011 | |
| Travel time to Biliran Provincial Hospital | <30 min | ref. | ref. | ||||
| ≥30 min | 0.81 | 0.43–1.53 | 0.516 | 0.32 | 0.19–0.54 | <0.001 | |
OR: Odds ratio, socioeconomic status score: 1st quartile (41–92), 2nd quartile (27–40), 3rd quartile (16–26), and 4th quartile (0–15)
Educational system in the Philippines was preschool for three years (4–6 years old), elementary school for six years (7–12 years old), and secondary school for four years (13–16 years).
Odds ratios were calculated by generalized estimating equation for logistic regression to evaluate the factors associated with healthcare-seeking behaviors, including 1) visiting any healthcare facility when experiencing pneumonia-like episodes and 2) visiting a hospital when experiencing severe pneumonia-like episodes. Variables with missing data are a history of asthma (n = 12), the travel time to the closest RHU or hospital (n = 4), and the travel time to Biliran Provincial Hospital (n = 4) for #1 and a history of asthma (n = 7), the travel time to the closest RHU or hospital (n = 2), and the travel time to Biliran Provincial Hospital (n = 2) for #2.