Table 1.
Pollutants | Adverse effects/toxicity |
Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|
Acute, high-dose | Chronic, low-dose | ||
Arsenic (As) | Gastrointestinal distress and death | Dermal lesions, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, neuropathy, and carcinogenicity |
16, 19 |
Cadmium (Cd) | Respiratory distress, hepatotoxicity and death |
Kidney tubular damage, bone disease (e.g. itai-itai disease) and carcinogenicity |
17, 20 |
Methylmercury (MeHg) | Death | Nervous system diseases (e.g. Minamata disease), reproductive toxicity and developmental neurotoxicity |
18, 21 |
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, aerodynamic Diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) |
Cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and death |
Higher risk for cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, lung cancer and mortality |
22–25 |