Table 2.
Biomarkers of acute kidney injury evaluated within urologic surgery settings
| Ref. | Biomarker | Source | Cohort | Surgical setting | Outcome | Comparison | Time |
| Langetepe et al[65] | CysC, NGAL, KIM-1 Cr | Urine Serum | 31 RCC patients | PN, RN | Increased values of CysC, NGAL, KIM-1 NGAL significant correlation to Cr No advantage for earlier detection of renal injury | Pre-/postoperative | 24 h after surgery |
| Sprenkle et al[63] | NGAL | Urine | PN: 88 patients, RN: 32 patients, thoracic surgery: 42 patients | PN, RN (warm or cold ischemia) | No association between postoperative NGAL and any AKI AKI was not significantly associated with increased NGAL in PN patients No correlation with ischemia time Patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 had higher NGAL postoperatively than those with an eGFR > 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | PN/RN /thoracic surgery patients | 4, 8, 12, 24 h post surgery |
| Parekh et al[62] | Cr, NGAL, CysC NGAL, LFABP, NAG, KIM-1, IL-18 | Serum Urine, (renal biopsy) | 20 patients with renal mass | PN (warm or cold ischemia) | Cr was significantly increased at 24 h CysC was not significantly changed at 2 or 24 h Significant increases serum NGAL at 2 and 24 h, increase of NGAL with increased ischemia time, no relation to peak Cr or morphology-score Early increases of L-FABP Early increase of NAG Increased NGAL at all times KIM-1maximally increased at 24 h IL-18 was increased at all time points | Correlation to renal biopsies (pre-, intra. postoperative) | 2 or 24 h after surgery |
| Schmid et al[50] | Cr, CysC | Serum | 31 RCC patients | PN, RN | Postoperative Cysc and Cr elevations similarly predict renal function deterioration CysC-based GFR appears superior to eGFR in “Cr-blind” area | Pre-/postoperative, 1 yr follow up | 24 h, 1 yr after surgery |
| Xue et al[76] | Cr NGAL, KIM-1 | Serum Urine | 90 patients with obstructive uropathy | NA | KIM-1 and NGAL good accuracy for detecting AKI KIM-1 predicts the renal outcome 72 h postoperatively | Pre-/postoperative | 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 h after surgery |
| Cost et al[66] | NGAL | Urine (bladder and renal pelvis) | 61 pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction | Pyeloplasty | Significantly increased bladder NGAL Inverse correlation of bladder and renal pelvic NGAL levels with the differential renal function of the affected kidney | Healthy children | Intraoperative |
| Zekey et al[64] | Cr NGAL | Serum Urine | 40 patients with kidney stones | SWL | No statistical Cr and urine NGAL levels | Before/after intervention | day 1, 2, 7 after intervention |
| Fahmy et al[74] | KIM-1, NAG | Urine | 60 patients with kidney stones (50 SWL, 10 URS) | SWL, URS | KIM-1 values were increased in patients with kidney stones when compared with volunteers KIM-1 and NAG levels significantly increased post-SWL Poor kidney function was significantly associated with increased KIM-1 and NAG baseline and post-SWL No significant change in urinary KIM-1 and NAG concentrations before and after URS | Volunteers without kidney stones | 2-3 h after intervention |
| Ng et al[82] | IL-18, NAG | Urine | 206 patinets with renal stones | SWL | Increased IL-18 and NAG I slower shock wave delivery group | 60 vs 120 shock waves/min | After intervention |
| Hatipoğlu et al[75] | KIM-1 (free radical production) | Urine | 30 patients with kidney stones | SWL | Significant increase of KIM-1 | Pre-/postoperative | 2 h after intervention |
PN: Partial nephrectomy; RN: Radical nephrectomy; NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: Kidney injury molecule-1; URS: Ureterorenoscopy; SWL: Shockwave lithotripsy; Cr: Creatinine; CysC: Cystatin C; LFABP: Liver fatty acid–binding protein; NAG: Nacetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; NA: Not available.