Table 2.

Characteristics of studies on EBD of children and adolescents with HI not using the SDQ

	Country	Nature of HI dB loss  % Cochlear implant (CI)	Age in years	Measure	% With mental health problems or Mean and SD on mental health measure		Hedges’g
					Hearing impaired group	Control or norm group
Anderssen et al. [26]	Sweden	70 % severe or mild hearing loss in both ears 30 % severe or mild hearing loss in one ear	7–12	Rutter Parent Scalee
				Internalizing	Mean = 1.95	Mean = 1.84	0.16
					SD = 0.88	SD = 0.59
					N = 57	N = 187
				Externalizing	Mean = 1.73	Mean = 1.59	0.24
					SD = 0.75	SD = 0.52
					N = 57	N = 187
				Rutter Teacher Scaleb
				Internalizing	Mean = 2.04	Mean = 1.81	0.28
					SD = 0.89	SD = 0.80
					N = 48	N = 208
				Externalizing	Mean = 1.41	Mean = 1.40	0.01
					SD = 0.63	SD = 0.70
					N = 48	N = 208
Arnold and Atkins [27]	England	Mean 66.7 dB loss	4–11	Bristol Social Adjustment Guidea	44 % (n = 10/23)	30 % (n = 7/23)	0.30
				Rutter Teacher Scaleb	0 %	0 %	–
Brubaker and Szakowski [28]	USA	8 % 30–44 dB 13 % 45–59 dB 18 % 60–79 dB 61 % 80 + dB	3–18	Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory
				Intensity scale	Mean = 104.15	Mean = 91.43	0.52
					SD = 25.86	SD = 22.86
					N = 39	N = 37
				Problem scale	Mean = 8.05	Mean = 6.39	0.27
					SD = 6.54	SD = 5.90
					N = 39	N = 37
Cornes et al. [29]	Australia	15 % severe 85 % profound	11–18	Youth Self Reportn
				Internalizing	17.9 % (n = 5/28)	19.6 % (n = 250/1273)	−0.06
				Externalizing	25.0 % (n = 7/21)	16.4 % (n = 209/1273)	0.29
Davis et al. [30]	USA	40 % < 44 dB 37.5 % 45–60 dB 22.5 % > 61 dB	5–18	Child Behavior Checklistc
				Internalizing	Mean = 53.0	Mean = 50.0h	0.30
					SD = 10.1	SD = 10
					N = 40	N = 300
				Externalizing	Mean = 54.2	Mean = 50.0h	0.42
					SD = 10.4	SD = 10
					N = 40	N = 300
Edwards et al. [31]	England	Profound pre-CI	2–5	CBCLg
				Internalizing	Mean = 50.5	Mean = 50.0h	0.05
					SD = 7.2	SD = 10.0
					N = 17	N = 300
				Externalizing	Mean = 51.2	Mean = 50.0h	0.12
					SD = 8.3	SD = 10.0
					N = 17	N = 300
Fundudis et al. [32]	England	Deaf not further specified	7–10	Rutter Teacher Scaleb	44 % (n = 24/54)b	18 % (n = 18/102)i	0.72
Furstenberg and Doyal [33]	USA	80 % Serious or profound hearing loss in both ears	11–21	Teacher Report Formd	Average across grades
				Internalizing	Mean = 53.71	Mean = 50.0j	0.38
					SD = 8.73	SD = 10
					N = 63	N = 300
				Externalizing	Mean = 53.16	Mean = 50.0j	0.33
					SD = 6.95	SD = 10
					N = 63	N = 300
Hindley and Kroll [5]	England	>40 dB	11–16	Rutter Parent Scalee Rutter Teacher Scaleb	Hyperactive home	Hyperactive home	−0.15
					9.9 % (n = 8/81)	12.7 % (n = 63/498)
					Hyperactive school	Hyperactive school	0.48
					16.0 % (n = 13/81)	7.2 % (n = 36/498)
					Hyperactive pervasive	Hyperactive pervasive	0.37
					8.6 % (n = 7/81)	4.6 % (n = 23/498)
Kammerer [34]	Germany	>20 dB	10–13	Rutter Teacher Scaleb	54 % (n = 99/183)b	16 %i	1.00
Kelly et al. [6]	USA	89 % Severe or greater loss	4–21	Conners’ Parent Rating Scalef	Females	Females
				Impulsive-hyperactive	Mean = 0.77	Mean = 0.83	−0.09
					SD = 0.72	SD = 0.61
					N = 97	N = 238
				Impulsive-hyperactive	Males	Males
					Mean = 0.66	Mean = 0.89	−0.39
					SD = 0.65	SD = 0.59
					N = 115	N = 291
				Hyperactivity	Females	Females
					Mean = 0.52	Mean = 0.55	−0.07
					SD = 0.55	SD = 0.39
					N = 97	N = 238
				Hyperactivity	Males	Males
					Mean = 0.52	Mean = 0.65	−0.29
					SD = 0.49	SD = 0.44
					N = 115	N = 291
Konuk et al. [35]	Turkey	3 % 56–70 db 8 % 71–90 db 89 % > 91 db	6–18	Child Behavior Checklistc
				Internalizing	Mean = 57.84	Mean = 52.11	0.50
					SD = 11.78	SD = 10.74
					N = 72	N = 45
				Externalizing	Mean = 51.98	Mean = 50.11	0.15
					SD = 12.02	SD = 12.24
					N = 72	N = 45
Kouwenberg et al. [36]	The Netherlands	>40 dB 37 % CI	8–15	Child Depression Inventoryo	Mean = 1.39	Mean = 1.33	0.29
					SD = 0.21	SD = 0.20
					N = 78	N = 130
Li and Prevatt [37]	China	Deaf not further specified	8–19	Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scales	Females	Females
					Mean = 14.30	Mean = 10.61	0.71
					SD = 5.10	SD = 5.08
					N = 30	N = 34
					Males	Males
					Mean = 15.55	Mean = 11.18	1.08
					SD = 3.36	SD = 4.50
					N = 31	N = 30
Mitchell and Quittner [38]	USA	53 % 70–100 dB 47 % > 100 dB	6–14	Child Behavior Checklistc	Mean = 58.0	Mean = 50.0h	0.79
					SD = 10.5	SD = 10.0
					N = 39	N = 300
				Teacher Report Formd	Mean = 56.8	Mean = 50.0j	0.71
					SD = 5.2	SD = 10.0
					N = 39	N = 300
Prior et al. [39]	Australia	All aided 30–110 dB	2–5	Teacher rating PBQ
				Total score	t = 3.72, df = 50		1.05q
Quittner et al. [40]	USA	Severe to profound	Under 5	CBCLn
				Total score Based on full information Imputed values	Mean = 24.81	Mean = 18.73	0.27
					SD = 21.52	SD = 14.29
					N = 181	N = 92
Remine and Brown [41]	Australia	Deaf not further specified	6–18	Child Behavior Checklistc
				Internalizing	16.9 % (11/65)	13.3 % (433/3255)	0.16
				Externalizing	13.8 % (9/65)	12.7 % (413/3255)	0.06
				Youth Self-Reportn
				Internalizing	11.4 % (4/35)	16.4 %(209/1273)	−0.23
				Externalizing	8.6 %(3/35)	19.6 %(249/1273)	−0.53
Rutter, Graham, and Yule [42]	England	At least 40 dB loss	5–14	Interview and questionnaires	15 % (n = 2/13)b	7 % (n = 153/2189)i	0.49
Sahli, Arslan, and Belgin [43]	Turkey	100 % with CI	6–18	Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scalet
				Depressive emotioning	Mean = 3.02	Mean = 2.30	0.67
					SD = 1.68	SD = 0.53
					N = 30	N = 60
Sinkkonen [44]	Finland	Deaf not further specified	6–16	Rutter Teacher Scaleb	21 % (n = 62/294)b	16 % (n = 37/234)i	0.19
Tharpe et al. [45]	USA	At least 80 dB loss 32 % with CI	8–14	Child Behavior Checklistc	Mean = 47.07k	Mean = 37.20	1.11
					SD = 6.80	SD = 11.25
					N = 18	N = 10
				Teacher Report Formd	Mean = 46.48k	Mean = 46.00	0.05
					SD = 7.56	SD = 11.25
					N = 17	N = 8
Theunissen et al. [46]	The Netherlands	24 % 40–60 dB loss 28 % 61–90 dB loss 34 % > 90 dB loss 14 % Not known 33 % CI	8–16	Child Depression Inventoryo	Mean = 1.38	Mean = 1.32	0.30
					SD = 0.21	SD = 0.19
					N = 83	N = 117
Theunissen et al. [47]	The Netherlands	26 % 40–60 dB loss 21 % 61–90 dB loss 53 % > 90 dB loss 14 % Not known	9–16	Child symptom inventoriesp
				Generalized anxiety disorder	Mean = 1.50	Mean = 1.36	0.35
					SD = 0.46	SD = 0.35
					N = 72	N = 98
Theunissen et al. [48]	The Netherlands	24 % 40–60 dB loss 21 % 61–90 dB loss 49 % > 90 dB loss 7 % Not known	8–16	Child symptom inventoriesp
				ADHD	t = 2.84 df = 192		0.41q
				ODD	t = 2.65 df = 192		0.38q
				CD	t = 3.30 df = 192		0.48q
Topol et al. [49]	USA	40 % Unilateral or < 40 dB loss 60 % > 40 dB loss	1.5–2	Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5l	Mean = 45.9	Mean = 43.5	0.26
					SD = 5.2	SD = 10.3
					N = 30	N = 91
Van Eldik [50]	The Netherlands	+80 dB	6–11	CBCLc
				Total score	t = 2.10, df = 493		0.19q
Van Eldik et al. [7]	The Netherlands	>90 dB	4–18	Child Behavior Checklistc	41 % (n = 98/238)	16 % (n = 331/2068)	0.72
Van Eldik [51]	The Netherlands	>25 dB	11–18	Youth Self Reportg	37 % (n = 75/202)	17 % (n = 173/1016)	0.58
Van Gent et al. [8]	The Netherlands	19 % 73–95 dB 81 % > 95 dB	13–21	Child Behavior Checklistc	28 % (n = 16/58)	16 %	0.38
				Teacher Report Formd	32 % (n = 22/68)	17 %	0.47
Vostanis et al. [2]	England	Severe to profound	2–18	Child Behavior Checklistc	40 % (n = 29/73)	8 %m	1.11
Wake et al. [52]	Australia	22 % 20–40 dB 31 % 41–60 dB 17 % 61–80 dB 29 % > 80 dB	7–8	Child Behavior Checklistc	36 % (n = 36/77)	12 % (n = 24/198)	1.02
				Teacher Report Formd	20 % (n = 16/80)	8 % (n = 7/86)	0.58
Watt and Davis [53]	USA	>90 dB loss	Mean age = 13.7 years	Beck Depression Inventoryr	Mean = 10.52	Mean = 6.62	0.66
					SD = 5.59	SD = 6.13
					N = 50	N = 30

^aStott [54]

^bRutter [55]

^cAchenbach and Edelbrock [56]

^dAchenbach and Edelbrock [57]

^eRutter, Tizard and Whitmore [58]

^fGoyette, Conners and Ulrich [59]

^gAchenbach [60]

^hBased on original standardization of CBCL

ⁱTaken from van Gent et al. [8]

^jBased on original standardization of TRF

^kAverage of cochlear implant and hearing aid groups

^lAchenbach [61]

^mEstimated from normal curve distribution percentage with T score greater than 64

ⁿAchenbach and Rescorla [62]

^oKovacs [63]

^pGadow and Sprakin [64]

^q $d=\frac{2t}{\sqrt{\text{df}}}$

^rBeck et al. [65]

^sReynolds and Richmond [66]

^tRosenberg [67]

^uEyberg and Ross [68]

^vBehar and Springfield [69]

^wSawyer et al. [70]