Table 5.
Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) for SDQ sub-scales rated by parents, teachers and self using random effects estimates for the studies overall and for studies with continuous measures
| No. of studies | Overall | Overall heterogeneity | Continuous only | Continuous heterogeneity | Ma | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g | 95 % CI | Z | P | χ 2 | Df | P | I 2 | g | 95 % CI | Z | P | χ 2 | Df | P | I 2 | g | ||
| Total difficulties | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.23 | 0.07, 0.40 | 2.77 | 0.006 | 42.27 | 9 | 0.001 | 78 | 0.20 | −0.03, 0.43 | 1.75 | 0.080 | 40.77 | 5 | 0.001 | 88 | 0.20 |
| Teacher | 9 | 0.34 | 0.19, 0.49 | 4.39 | 0.001 | 28.08 | 8 | 0.001 | 72 | 0.31 | 0.15, 0.46 | 3.91 | 0.001 | 12.50 | 5 | 0.001 | 60 | 0.31 |
| Self-rated | 4 | −0.01 | −0.32, 0.13 | 0.85 | 0.397 | 3.78 | 3 | 0.287 | 21 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.23 |
| Emotional symptoms | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.21 | 0.08, 0.32 | 3.43 | 0.001 | 29.60 | 9 | 0.001 | 70 | 0.22 | 0.07, 0.37 | 2.80 | 0.005 | 27.82 | 5 | 0.001 | 99 | 0.16 |
| Teacher | 6 | 0.14 | −0.03, 0.30 | 1.62 | 0.106 | 14.22 | 5 | 0.014 | 94 | 0.15 | −0.04, 0.34 | 1.49 | 0.135 | 12.76 | 3 | 0.005 | 98 | −0.02 |
| Self | 4 | 0.19 | −0.18, 0.40 | 0.74 | 0.456 | 59.58 | 3 | 0.001 | 95 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 |
| Conduct problems | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.16 | −0.03, 0.35 | 1.65 | 0.100 | 61.72 | 9 | 0.001 | 99 | 0.12 | −14, 0.39 | 0.90 | 0.366 | 58.54 | 5 | 0.001 | 92 | 0.14 |
| Teacher | 6 | 0.22 | 0.10, 0.34 | 3.62 | 0.001 | 5.86 | 5 | 0.001 | 94 | 0.23 | 0.11, 0.34 | 3.76 | 0.001 | 3.29 | 3 | 0.349 | 8 | 0.06 |
| Self | 4 | −0.25 | −0.53, 0.03 | 1.74 | 0.082 | 6.66 | 3 | 0.001 | 96 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.25 |
| Hyperactivity | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.05 | −0.06, 0.16 | 0.91 | 0.363 | 16.26 | 9 | 0.062 | 45 | 0.09 | −0.02, 0.20 | 1.56 | 0.119 | 10.14 | 5 | 0.071 | 50 | −0.07 |
| Teacher | 6 | 0.03 | −0.16, 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.735 | 11.58 | 5 | 0.041 | 57 | 0.07 | −0.12, 0.27 | 0.73 | 0.464 | 8.32 | 3 | 0.040 | 64 | −0.17 |
| Self | 4 | −0.21 | −0.38, −0.04 | 2.44 | 0.015 | 1.09 | 3 | 0.780 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.27 |
| Peer problems | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.27 | 0.05, 0.49 | 2.40 | 0.016 | 72.71 | 9 | 0.001 | 88 | 0.28 | −0.01, 0.58 | 1.90 | 0.057 | 69.83 | 5 | 0.001 | 93 | 0.22 |
| Teacher | 6 | 0.35 | 0.14, 0.57 | 3.23 | 0.001 | 19.09 | 5 | 0.002 | 74 | 0.22 | 0.07, 0.37 | 2.83 | 0.005 | 5.18 | 3 | 0.159 | 42 | 0.37 |
| Self | 4 | 0.41 | 0.24, 0.58 | 4.79 | 0.001 | 0.91 | 3 | 0.823 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.43 |
| Prosocial behaviour | ||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | 10 | 0.30 | 0.08, 0.52 | 2.61 | 0.009 | 107.41 | 9 | 0.001 | 92 | 0.24 | −0.01, 0.49 | 1.87 | 0.062 | 84.62 | 5 | 0.001 | 85 | 0.25 |
| Teacher | 6 | −0.10 | −0.31, 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.376 | 17.14 | 5 | 0.004 | 71 | −0.07 | −0.34, 0.20 | 0.52 | 0.605 | 15.44 | 3 | 0.001 | 81 | −0.15 |
| Self | 4 | −0.00 | −0.33, 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.990 | 6.82 | 3 | 0.078 | 56 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.04 |
aMean of unweighted effect sizes—Hedge’s g