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. 2015 May 5;17(6):46. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0599-3

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Epidemiology studies can have substudies that parallel and complement other levels of clinical trials. These types of human studies can be done at a wide range of complexity, design, control, and regulation. Exploratory studies within an epidemiology study represent the equivalent of pilot studies. Examples of association studies and prognosis studies are discussed extensively in this article