Table 3.

Associations between measure of exposure to parental mental health problems in 15–16-year-olds (n = 13 976) and later use of long-term welfare benefits through 2010, investigated using Cox regression analysis

	Outcome variable
	Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Receipt of long-term benefit	Receipt of long-term benefit	Receipt of long-term benefit	Receipt of long-term benefit
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Parents’ mental health
No, never	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes, sometimes	1.49 (1.29–1.71)**	1.34 (1.16–1.54)**	1.19 (1.03–1.37)*	1.15 (0.99–1.33)
Yes, many times	1.82 (1.44–2.31)**	1.57 (1.23–2.00)**	1.29 (1.01–1.66)*	1.21 (0.95–1.55)
Frequently	2.13 (1.59–2.85)**	1.66 (1.23–2.23)**	1.28 (0.95–1.74)	1.14 (0.84–1.55)
Family support	0.76 (0.73–0.79)**	0.83 (0.79–0.86)**	0.88 (0.84–0.91)**	0.84 (0.78–0.90)**
Friends’ support	0.83 (0.78–0.88)**	0.91 (0.85–0.96)*	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	1.07 (0.98–1.17)
Classmate’s support	0.68 (0.64–0.72)**	0.73 (0.69–0.77)**	0.79 (0.74–0.84)**	0.80 (0.75–0.85)**
Teacher support	0.77 (0.73–0.81)**	0.83 (0.79–0.88)**	0.90 (0.85–0.95)**	1.01 (0.95–1.08)

*P <0.05, **P <0.001

Crude: Each main exposure variable tested independently.

Model 1: Adjusted for family economy, parents’ educational level, parents’ marital status and gender.

Model 2: As in model 1, in addition each variable adjusted for the adolescents’ own health status (general health and mental health).

Model 3: As in model 2, in addition parents’ mental health probolems and social support adjusted for each other.

Associations expressed in hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).