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The PpVNS genes function in cell wall thickening in the moss P. patens. Stereid cells in leaf vein of the wild type (A) and ppvns1 ppvns6 pvns7 triple mutant (B). In the triple mutants, the stereid cell walls were significantly less thick, suggesting the importance of PpVNS proteins in cell wall thickening in the moss. Data were adapted from Xu et al. (2014). Bar = 5 μm.
