Table 1.
Therapeutic interventions presently under investigation for Alzheimer’s disease.
| Treatment name | Company | Therapy type | Ongoing clinical trial phase | Clearance mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solanezumab (LY2062430) | Eli Lilly and Co | Passive immunotherapy | Phase 2/3 ongoing, Phase 3 ongoing | “Peripheral Sink Hypothesis” via LRP1 and ApoE, or astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes via PgP efflux pump across BBB, and subsequent phagocytosis by perivascular macrophages |
| Crenezumab (MABT51021A, RG7412) | Genentech | Passive immunotherapy | Phase 2 ongoing | |
| CAD106 | Novartis pharmaceuticals corporation | Active immunotherapy | None | FcRn-mediated IgG-assisted Aβ efflux across BBB with subsequent phagocytosis by perivascular macrophages + a non-Fc-mediated disruption of plaque structure |
| ACI-24 (Pal1-15 acetate salt) | AC immune SA | Active immunotherapy | Phase 1/2 ongoing | |
| MK-8931 (MK-8931-09) | Merck | Small molecule | Phase 2/3 ongoing, Phase 3 ongoing | Suppression of Aβ production, so endogenous ADEs can degrade Aβ, such as: NEP, ECE-1, IDE, ACE, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, Plasmin |
| AZD3293 (LY3314914) | AstraZeneca | Small molecule | Phase 2/3 ongoing | |
| VTP-37948 | Vitae pharmaceuticals | Small molecule | Phase I ongoing | |
| E2609 | Biogen Idec, Eisai Co., Ltd. | Small molecule | Phase I and Phase II ongoing | |
| TTP488 (PF-04494700) | Pfizer, TransTech Pharma, Inc. | Small molecule | Phase III pending | Suppression of Aβ transcytosis into the brain with endogenous ADEs to degrade Aβ within brain, such as: NEP, ECE-1, IDE, ACE, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, Plasmin |