Table 1.
List of the hypoxia-independent pro-angiogenic mechanisms with relevance to melanoma.
| Angiogenesis inducer | Pro-angiogenic effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| BRAFV600E | HIF1A expression | (28) |
| PI3 kinase | Increase of HIF1 α protein | (29–31) |
| ET-1 | Increase of HIF1 α protein | (32) |
| ROS | Increase of HIF1 α protein | (34, 71) |
| NF-κB | Increase of HIF 1 α protein | (33, 34) |
| MITF | HIF1A expression | (40, 46) |
| NRAS (with GAB2) | VEGFA expression | (48) |
| ILK | NF-κB activation, IL-6, and VEGFA expression | (61) |
| Reduction of BRMS1 | Increased NF-κB activity | (62) |
| ROS | NF-κB activation, ANG expression | (13) |
| ROS | ATM induction | (63) |
| NRF2 | VEGFA expression (ATF4- or HIF1α-dependent) | (65–69) |
| UPR | VEGFA, FGF2, ANG, ANGPT2 expression | (81, 82) |
| PGClα | VEGFA expression | (84) |