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Macrophages initiate and direct other immune responses. For example, M1-type responses (e.g., through IL-12 and antigen presentation) direct T cells to become cytolytic T cells and produce IFN-γ that further elevates M1 activity. In contrast, M2-type macrophages cause T cells to produce molecules like IL-4 and TGF-β that cause B cells to produce antibody and elevate M2 responses. From Ref. (1) with permission from S. Karger AG, Basel.
