Table. Descriptive and Endocrine Data.
| Characteristic | MetS (n = 39) |
No MetS (n = 51) |
P Value | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.82 (1.67) | 17.39 (1.61) | 0.23 | 0.26 |
| Range | 14.29-21.61 | 14.28-20.76 | ||
| Sex, No.a | ||||
| Female | 24 | 28 | 0.53 | |
| Male | 15 | 23 | ||
| School grade, mean (SD) | 11.78 (1.92) | 11.60 (1.76) | 0.66 | 0.10 |
| Socioeconomic status, mean (SD) | 2.14 (1.09) | 2.36 (1.37) | 0.63 | 0.05 |
| Race/ethnicity, No.a | ||||
| White | 11 | 12 | 0.94 | |
| Hispanic | 14 | 21 | ||
| African American | 9 | 11 | ||
| Asian | 5 | 7 | ||
| Meets criterion, No. (%)a | ||||
| IR | 39 (100) | 18 (35) | <.001 | |
| Waist circumference | 39 (100) | 15 (29) | <.001 | |
| HDL-C | 32 (82) | 14 (27) | <.001 | |
| Triglycerides | 15 (39) | 3 (6) | <.001 | |
| Hypertension | 7 (18) | 3 (6) | .07 | |
| BMI, mean (SD)b | 38.88 (5.91) | 26.52 (7.63) | <.001 | 0.67 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cmb | 115.7 (15.00) | 87.55 (16.39) | <.001 | 0.66 |
| QUICKI score, mean (SD) | 0.31 (0.03) | 0.36 (0.04) | <.001 | 1.64 |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dLb | 99.64 (66.48) | 75.57 (7.36) | .13 | -0.16 |
| Insulin, mean (SD), µIU/mLb | 23.54 (14.03) | 9.82 (7.72) | <.001 | -0.63 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, mean (SD), % of total hemoglobinb | 6.21 (2.30) | 5.25 (0.31) | .004 | -0.30 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 40.18 (7.57) | 51.22 (11.54) | <.001 | 1.10 |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dLb,c | 106.59 (47.49) | 69.31 (25.85) | <.001 | 0.43 |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hgb | ||||
| Systolic | 116.87 (12.51) | 104.51 (10.28) | <.001 | 0.49 |
| Diastolic | 71.42 (10.18) | 63.18 (7.17) | <.001 | 0.43 |
| Fibrinogen, mean (SD), mg/dLb | 356.83 (94.23) | 293.67 (51.98) | .004 | 0.37 |
| CRP, mean (SD), mg/Lb,d | 7.15 (7.90) | 2.29 (4.71) | <.001 | 0.45 |
| CRAE, mean (SD), µme | 182.35 (16.10) | 198.62 (19.03) | <.001 | 0.40 |
| CRVE, mean (SD), µme | 292.19 (27.63) | 279.68 (28.91) | <.001 | 0.31 |
| BDI total score, mean (SD)b | 11.5 (9.43) | 7.44 (6.63) | .04 | 0.22 |
| Sleep apnea score, mean (SD)b,f | 0.24 (0.17) | 0.19 (0.13) | .17 | 0.15 |
| IPAQ total score, mean (SD), MET-min/wkb | 4324.75 (3201.71) | 4518.7 (3231.88) | .74 | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IR, insulin resistance; MET, metabolic equivalent task; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 8 0.0555; to convert insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; too 9 convert hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; 10 to convert HDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113; to convert fibrinogen to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0294; and to convert CRP to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 9.524.
The χ2 test was used for categorical variables.
The Mann-Whitney U test was used for nonnormally distributed variables. Effect sizes are expressed as r.
One triglycerides outlier by more than 3 SDs was excluded from analysis.
Cases with a CRP level greater than 10 mg/L were excluded from analysis.
Raw vessel diameter values are presented. Group comparison was evaluated using univariate analysis controlling for CRVE when evaluating CRAE, and vice versa. Effect sizes are expressed as partial η2.
Based on 20-item questionnaire.