Table 2.

Comparison of pain scores by sex on POD 1

CCS Group	Female		Male		Mean Difference (99% CI) Female–Male	t Test P Value	Holm’s Corrected P Value
	Number of Observations	Mean Pain Score ± SD	Number of Observations	Mean Pain Score ± SD
Amputation of lower extremity	1,683	5.5 ± 3.6	1,561	5.5 ± 3.2	0.03 (−0.64, 0.71)	0.8954	1
Aortic resection, replacement, or anastomosis	538	3.0 ± 3.1	378	2.6 ± 3.0	0.35 (0.01, 0.70)	0.0085	0.3650569
Appendectomy	125	4.8 ± 2.8	251	5.6 ± 2.8	−0.82 (−1.52, −0.11)	0.0028	0.1433189
Arthroplasty knee	286	4.1 ± 3.2	578	4.2 ± 3.0	−0.09 (−0.34, 0.15)	0.3303	1
Arthroplasty other than hip or knee	490	4.2 ± 3.3	1,274	3.5 ± 3.1	0.68 (0.23, 1.13)	0.0001	0.0057522
Cholecystectomy and common duct exploration	392	4.9 ± 3.4	307	4.9 ± 3.0	0.00 (−0.56, 0.55)	0.9871	1
Colonoscopy and biopsy	165	2.1 ± 3.0	233	2.1 ± 3.5	−0.07 (−1.30, 1.15)	0.8797	1
Colorectal resection	326	4.0 ± 3.3	339	4.2 ± 3.4	−0.17 (−0.67, 0.34)	0.4017	1
Colostomy, temporary and permanent	1,334	4.4 ± 3.5	1,006	4.4 ± 3.5	0.08 (−1.67, 1.83)	0.9016	1
CABG	310	4.2 ± 3.6	387	2.9 ± 2.7	1.27 (0.74, 1.81)	0	1.04E-07
Creation, revision, and removal of arteriovenous fistula or vessel-to-vessel cannula for dialysis	282	4.8 ± 3.6	262	3.1 ± 3.4	1.70 (0.95, 2.46)	0	7.67E-07
Debridement of wound, infection, or burn	1,712	5.6 ± 3.2	2,214	5.2 ± 2.9	0.43 (0.05, 0.82)	0.0033	0.1599523
Embolectomy and endarterectomy of lower limbs	569	3.6 ± 3.2	672	4.7 ± 3.4	−1.09 (−2.14, −0.03)	0.0079	0.3480715
Endarterectomy, vessel of head and neck	453	1.6 ± 2.5	421	2.1 ± 2.7	−0.47 (−1.10, 0.16)	0.0559	1
ERCP	790	4.5 ± 3.3	852	3.1 ± 3.2	1.35 (0.67, 2.04)	0	3.14E-05
Endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy of the urinary tract	367	4.3 ± 3.7	565	3.4 ± 2.9	0.88 (−0.52, 2.28)	0.104	1
Excision of skin lesion	823	3.8 ± 2.7	606	4.4 ± 3.4	−0.58 (−1.78, 0.62)	0.2082	1
Exploratory laparotomy	396	4.2 ± 3.3	611	5.1 ± 3.4	−0.84 (−1.26, −0.43)	0	1.40E-05
Extracorporeal lithotripsy, urinary	1,246	4.8 ± 3.8	1,805	3.1 ± 3.4	1.68 (0.34, 3.02)	0.0013	0.0703855
Gastric bypass and volume reduction	752	3.8 ± 3.0	727	4.6 ± 3.0	−0.71 (−1.56, 0.14)	0.0308	1
Gastrostomy, temporary and permanent	147	4.6 ± 3.5	78	2.6 ± 3.2	2.03 (0.16, 3.90)	0.0054	0.2421155
Heart valve procedures	954	3.2 ± 3.0	1,078	2.7 ± 2.8	0.51 (0.24, 0.79)	0	7.06E-05
Hip replacement, total and partial	301	3.9 ± 3.3	435	4.1 ± 3.0	−0.24 (−0.49, 0.01)	0.0142	0.5684356
Ileostomy and other enterostomy	155	3.9 ± 3.1	95	3.7 ± 3.1	0.19 (−0.39, 0.78)	0.3957	1
Incision and drainage, skin and subcutaneous tissue	489	5.2 ± 3.3	894	4.9 ± 3.2	0.26 (−0.23, 0.75)	0.1761	1
Incision and excision of CNS	1,635	3.3 ± 3.2	1,384	3.4 ± 3.2	−0.11 (−0.37, 0.16)	0.2953	1
Insertion, replacement, or removal of extracranial ventricular shunt	698	4.0 ± 3.4	1,481	3.2 ± 3.2	0.75 (0.27, 1.23)	0.0001	0.0041286
Insertion, revision, replacement, removal of cardiac pacemaker or cardioverter/defibrillator	192	3.6 ± 3.0	325	1.6 ± 2.8	2.00 (1.11, 2.90)	0	1.20E-06
Kidney transplant	41	3.9 ± 3.1	50	3.9 ± 3.3	−0.03 (−0.68, 0.62)	0.9023	1
Laminectomy, excision intervertebral disc	846	5.6 ± 3.1	1,196	4.8 ± 3.2	0.78 (0.48, 1.07)	0	2.21E-09
Laparoscopy	1,105	3.5 ± 3.4	1,345	3.7 ± 2.5	−0.13 (−0.91, 0.65)	0.663	1
Lobectomy or pneumonectomy	528	3.8 ± 3.2	1,040	2.8 ± 2.9	1.02 (0.39, 1.65)	0	0.0020145
Nephrectomy, partial or complete	462	4.3 ± 3.2	686	3.5 ± 3.1	0.76 (0.32, 1.20)	0	0.0005741
Nephrotomy and nephrostomy	61	4.4 ± 3.3	53	4.9 ± 2.9	−0.53 (−1.20, 0.15)	0.0433	1
No procedure	147	3.9 ± 3.1	180	3.5 ± 3.0	0.39 (0.05, 0.73)	0.0034	0.1642764
Other diagnostic nervous system procedures	1,019	2.8 ± 3.1	2,461	1.6 ± 2.7	1.21 (0.30, 2.11)	0.0006	0.0357079
Other diagnostic procedures on lung and bronchus	174	2.9 ± 2.8	300	3.4 ± 3.1	−0.50 (−0.95, −0.05)	0.0042	0.193488
Other diagnostic procedures on musculoskeletal system	345	4.2 ± 3.0	449	3.8 ± 3.0	0.38 (−0.32, 1.08)	0.1568	1
Other diagnostic radiology and related technique	2,353	3.0 ± 3.6	2,116	4.1 ± 3.5	−1.14 (−3.10, 0.83)	0.1302	1
Other fracture and dislocation procedure	320	4.6 ± 3.2	542	5.2 ± 3.1	−0.61 (−1.10, −0.12)	0.0014	0.0752244
Other hernia repair	2,908	5.4 ± 3.0	1,686	5.2 ± 3.1	0.20 (−0.33, 0.73)	0.3254	1
Other non-OR therapeutic cardiovascular procedures	592	2.8 ± 3.3	444	4.3 ± 3.3	−1.42 (−2.68, −0.16)	0.0039	0.1812885
Other OR gastrointestinal therapeutic procedures	108	3.9 ± 3.4	106	3.1 ± 3.3	0.80 (0.34, 1.25)	0	0.0004353
Other OR heart procedures	743	2.9 ± 3.1	646	3.4 ± 2.9	−0.52 (−1.07, 0.02)	0.0136	0.5588774
Other OR lower GI therapeutic procedures	80	4.1 ± 3.1	55	4.2 ± 3.1	−0.03 (−0.69, 0.62)	0.8926	1
Other OR procedures on vessels of head and neck	239	3.6 ± 3.1	343	3.7 ± 3.2	−0.18 (−0.69, 0.33)	0.3635	1
Other OR procedures on vessels other than head and neck	86	4.1 ± 3.5	77	3.4 ± 3.3	0.74 (0.18, 1.31)	0.0007	0.037895
Other OR therapeutic nervous system procedures	82	4.5 ± 3.1	130	4.5 ± 3.1	−0.02 (−0.35, 0.32)	0.8978	1
Other OR therapeutic procedures of urinary tract	712	4.5 ± 3.4	109	3.5 ± 3.1	1.01 (0.51, 1.51)	0	1.38E-05
Other OR therapeutic procedures on bone	492	5.9 ± 2.9	500	4.5 ± 3.1	1.4	0	2.61E-08
Other OR therapeutic procedures on joints	613	4.8 ± 3.2	740	4.3 ± 2.8	0.45 (−0.14, 1.05)	0.0478	1
Other OR therapeutic procedures on musculoskeletal system	2,299	4.6 ± 2.5	2,042	4.8 ± 3.4	−0.14 (−1.41, 1.13)	0.7684	1
Other OR therapeutic procedures on nose, mouth, and pharynx	335	3.3 ± 3.2	378	3.7 ± 3.4	−0.35 (−0.99, 0.29)	0.16	1
Other OR therapeutic procedures on respiratory system	329	2.1 ± 2.8	192	3.4 ± 3.4	−1.29 (−1.97, −0.61)	0	7.83E-05
Other OR therapeutic procedures on skin and breast	386	4.5 ± 2.7	272	5.1 ± 2.7	−0.65 (−1.50, 0.19)	0.0463	1
Other OR upper GI therapeutic procedures	351	3.8 ± 3.0	365	2.8 ± 3.0	0.99 (0.33, 1.66)	0.0001	0.0078213
Other organ transplantation	1,050	3.3 ± 2.7	423	3.3 ± 3.1	−0.03 (−0.67, 0.62)	0.915	1
Other therapeutic ear procedures	1,359	3.9 ± 2.7	1,248	2.1 ± 2.2	1.82 (0.25, 3.39)	0.0031	0.1545763
Other therapeutic endocrine procedures	41	2.4 ± 3.0	190	2.2 ± 2.9	0.24 (−0.30, 0.78)	0.2567	1
Other therapeutic procedures on muscles and tendons	286	4.0 ± 3.0	669	4.9 ± 3.2	−0.83 (−1.37, −0.30)	0.0001	0.0041286
Other therapeutic procedures, hemic and lymphatic system	286	4.0 ± 3.6	121	4.4 ± 3.5	−0.47 (−1.71, 0.77)	0.325	1
Other vascular bypass and shunt, not heart	694	4.7 ± 2.7	818	4.3 ± 3.2	0.38 (−0.47, 1.22)	0.2465	1
Other vascular catheterization, not heart	442	4.3 ± 3.3	200	2.8 ± 3.2	1.52 (0.74, 2.31)	0	5.20E-05
Partial excision bone	41	4.7 ± 3.4	67	3.2 ± 3.3	1.53 (0.91, 2.15)	0	2.31E-08
Peripheral vascular bypass	457	4.1 ± 3.3	529	4.4 ± 3.6	−0.36 (−1.08, 0.36)	0.1973	1
Skin graft	242	5.7 ± 3.1	487	5.3 ± 3.1	0.46 (0.07, 0.86)	0.0027	0.1394749
Small bowel resection	540	4.0 ± 3.1	376	4.7 ± 3.0	−0.76 (−1.95, 0.42)	0.0955	1
Spinal fusion	77	5.3 ± 3.1	299	4.9 ± 3.2	0.39 (0.07, 0.70)	0.0017	0.0875771
Thyroidectomy, partial or complete	148	4.3 ± 2.9	300	3.9 ± 3.1	0.40 (−0.37, 1.18)	0.1756	1
Tracheoscopy and laryngoscopy with biopsy	308	2.7 ± 3.2	589	3.8 ± 3.2	−1.12 (−2.74, 0.50)	0.072	1
Tracheostomy, temporary and permanent	108	1.2 ± 2.3	120	1.3 ± 2.3	−0.03 (−0.74, 0.68)	0.9097	1
Transurethral excision, drainage, or removal urinary obstruction	323	4.0 ± 3.6	195	4.5 ± 3.2	−0.52 (−1.86, 0.83)	0.3157	1
Treatment, facial fracture or dislocation	75	4.9 ± 3.4	79	4.7 ± 3.2	0.25 (−1.09, 1.59)	0.6275	1
Treatment, fracture or dislocation of hip and femur	137	4.7 ± 3.3	205	4.9 ± 3.1	−0.21 (−0.55, 0.13)	0.1142	1
Treatment, fracture or dislocation of lower extremity (other than hip or femur)	72	5.2 ± 3.2	205	5.7 ± 3.0	−0.47 (−0.78, −0.16)	0.0001	0.0047918
Treatment, fracture or dislocation of radius and ulna	70	6.0 ± 3.3	168	5.2 ± 3.1	0.83 (−0.03, 1.69)	0.0124	0.5220135
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, biopsy	1,426	4.1 ± 4.0	1,254	2.3 ± 3.2	1.82 (1.08, 2.57)	0	5.34E-08
Ureteral catheterization	258	4.5 ± 3.2	191	4.7 ± 3.5	−0.23 (−1.15, 0.69)	0.522	1

CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CI = confidence interval; CCS = Clinical Categorization Software; ERCP = endoscopic retrograde cannulation of pancreas; GI = gastrointestinal tract; OR = operating room; POD = postoperative day; SD = standard deviation.