Table 3.
Severe pain episodes on postoperative day 1 by procedure and sex
| CCS Group | Female
|
Male
|
Chi-Squared
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe Pain Episode?
|
Percent of Pain Scores as SPE | Severe Pain Episode?
|
Percent of Pain Scores as SPE | |||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | P Value | Adjusted P Value (Holm) | |||
| CABG | 379 | 111 | 22.7 | 1,165 | 109 | 8.6 | 1.00E-15 | 7.81E-14 |
| Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, biopsy | 192 | 94 | 32.9 | 498 | 80 | 13.8 | 5.30E-11 | 4.08E-09 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on bone | 254 | 199 | 43.9 | 313 | 108 | 25.7 | 1.55E-08 | 1.18E-06 |
| Laminectomy, excision intervertebral disc | 998 | 685 | 40.7 | 1,074 | 487 | 31.2 | 1.80E-08 | 1.35E-06 |
| Heart valve procedures | 1,474 | 238 | 13.9 | 2,030 | 184 | 8.3 | 2.04E-08 | 1.51E-06 |
| Arthroplasty other than hip or knee | 519 | 233 | 31.0 | 589 | 138 | 19.0 | 1.02E-07 | 7.45E-06 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures of urinary tract | 383 | 145 | 27.5 | 870 | 170 | 16.3 | 2.08E-07 | 1.50E-05 |
| Creation, revision, and removal of arteriovenous fistula or vessel-to-vessel cannula for dialysis | 261 | 131 | 33.4 | 256 | 51 | 16.6 | 5.03E-07 | 3.57E-05 |
| ERCP | 213 | 97 | 31.3 | 325 | 62 | 16.0 | 1.81E-06 | 0.000126355 |
| Partial excision bone | 373 | 165 | 30.7 | 313 | 65 | 17.2 | 3.67E-06 | 0.000252904 |
| Lobectomy or pneumonectomy | 296 | 71 | 19.3 | 510 | 55 | 9.7 | 2.76E-05 | 0.001873536 |
| Debridement of wound, infection or burn | 490 | 356 | 42.1 | 800 | 396 | 33.1 | 3.48E-05 | 0.002330097 |
| Nephrectomy, partial or complete | 612 | 178 | 22.5 | 721 | 131 | 15.4 | 0.000209892 | 0.01385288 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on respiratory system | 275 | 26 | 8.6 | 356 | 79 | 18.2 | 0.000281347 | 0.018287569 |
| Exploratory laparotomy | 1,023 | 311 | 23.3 | 705 | 301 | 29.9 | 0.000317732 | 0.02033485 |
| Other therapeutic procedures on muscles and tendons | 309 | 87 | 22.0 | 417 | 194 | 31.8 | 0.0007238 | 0.045599419 |
| Treatment, fracture or dislocation of lower extremity (other than hip or femur) | 804 | 442 | 35.5 | 1,056 | 749 | 41.5 | 0.000803041 | 0.049788549 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on joints | 226 | 119 | 34.5 | 342 | 107 | 23.8 | 0.0009658 | 0.058913772 |
| Treatment, fracture or dislocation of radius and ulna | 91 | 83 | 47.7 | 202 | 98 | 32.7 | 0.001164523 | 0.069871351 |
| Other vascular catheterization, not heart | 205 | 77 | 27.3 | 220 | 42 | 16.0 | 0.001481174 | 0.087389257 |
| Endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy of the urinary tract | 57 | 29 | 33.7 | 67 | 10 | 13.0 | 0.001950886 | 0.111807554 |
| Insertion, replacement, or removal of extracranial ventricular shunt | 623 | 200 | 24.3 | 500 | 106 | 17.5 | 0.001927716 | 0.111807554 |
| Other OR gastrointestinal therapeutic procedures | 783 | 171 | 17.9 | 934 | 144 | 13.4 | 0.004533025 | 0.253849427 |
| Gastrostomy, temporary and permanent | 40 | 21 | 34.4 | 46 | 7 | 13.2 | 0.008662414 | 0.476432791 |
| Spinal fusion | 1,055 | 580 | 35.5 | 955 | 429 | 31.0 | 0.009368234 | 0.505884662 |
| Gastric bypass and volume reduction | 566 | 146 | 20.5 | 75 | 34 | 31.2 | 0.012025097 | 0.637330162 |
| Embolectomy and endarterectomy of lower limbs | 117 | 30 | 20.4 | 122 | 58 | 32.2 | 0.016564906 | 0.861375126 |
| Amputation of lower extremity | 175 | 145 | 45.3 | 316 | 226 | 41.7 | 0.300358967 | 1 |
| Aortic resection, replacement or anastomosis | 887 | 132 | 13.0 | 2,209 | 252 | 10.2 | 0.020050457 | 1 |
| Appendectomy | 137 | 55 | 28.6 | 204 | 121 | 37.2 | 0.046546518 | 1 |
| Arthroplasty knee | 2,195 | 713 | 24.5 | 1,272 | 414 | 24.6 | 0.977836555 | 1 |
| Cholecystectomy and common duct exploration | 404 | 188 | 31.8 | 315 | 129 | 29.1 | 0.35020456 | 1 |
| Colonoscopy and biopsy | 94 | 14 | 13.0 | 87 | 19 | 17.9 | 0.314976975 | 1 |
| Colorectal resection | 579 | 164 | 22.1 | 492 | 154 | 23.8 | 0.434512083 | 1 |
| Colostomy, temporary and permanent | 62 | 18 | 22.5 | 39 | 16 | 29.1 | 0.386030278 | 1 |
| Endarterectomy, vessel of head and neck | 230 | 9 | 3.8 | 316 | 27 | 7.9 | 0.043079805 | 1 |
| Excision of skin lesion | 66 | 16 | 19.5 | 94 | 36 | 27.7 | 0.177604219 | 1 |
| Extracorporeal lithotripsy, urinary | 105 | 50 | 32.3 | 73 | 22 | 23.2 | 0.122998947 | 1 |
| Hip replacement, total and partial | 1,768 | 585 | 24.9 | 1,605 | 511 | 24.1 | 0.58039881 | 1 |
| Ileostomy and other enterostomy | 404 | 88 | 17.9 | 422 | 78 | 15.6 | 0.334809448 | 1 |
| Incision and drainage, skin and subcutaneous tissue | 400 | 213 | 34.7 | 503 | 237 | 32.0 | 0.290447557 | 1 |
| Incision and excision of CNS | 1,886 | 413 | 18.0 | 1,659 | 383 | 18.8 | 0.50102412 | 1 |
| Insertion, revision, replacement, removal of cardiac pacemaker or cardioverter/defibrillator | 140 | 25 | 15.2 | 214 | 19 | 8.2 | 0.02830473 | 1 |
| Kidney transplant | 260 | 75 | 22.4 | 287 | 91 | 24.1 | 0.594967736 | 1 |
| Laparoscopy | 268 | 61 | 18.5 | 165 | 27 | 14.1 | 0.188110915 | 1 |
| Nephrotomy and nephrostomy | 277 | 109 | 28.2 | 196 | 76 | 27.9 | 0.933456037 | 1 |
| No procedure | 885 | 220 | 19.9 | 1,109 | 236 | 17.5 | 0.134816463 | 1 |
| Other OR heart procedures | 404 | 58 | 12.6 | 605 | 81 | 11.8 | 0.703772563 | 1 |
| Other OR lower GI therapeutic procedures | 270 | 81 | 23.1 | 274 | 91 | 24.9 | 0.561453966 | 1 |
| Other OR procedures on vessels of head and neck | 864 | 186 | 17.7 | 340 | 83 | 19.6 | 0.391278803 | 1 |
| Other OR procedures on vessels other than head and neck | 379 | 110 | 22.5 | 737 | 157 | 17.6 | 0.026267453 | 1 |
| Other OR therapeutic nervous system procedures | 1,013 | 346 | 25.5 | 899 | 349 | 28.0 | 0.148491084 | 1 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on musculoskeletal system | 34 | 7 | 17.1 | 125 | 65 | 34.2 | 0.03166685 | 1 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on nose, mouth, and pharynx | 232 | 54 | 18.9 | 538 | 131 | 19.6 | 0.801945679 | 1 |
| Other OR therapeutic procedures on skin and breast | 216 | 70 | 24.5 | 90 | 31 | 25.6 | 0.807010758 | 1 |
| Other OR upper GI therapeutic procedures | 269 | 57 | 17.5 | 298 | 41 | 12.1 | 0.04995933 | 1 |
| Other diagnostic nervous system procedures | 107 | 18 | 14.4 | 227 | 24 | 9.6 | 0.160599232 | 1 |
| Other diagnostic procedures on lung and bronchus | 619 | 75 | 10.8 | 720 | 98 | 12.0 | 0.475011038 | 1 |
| Other diagnostic procedures on musculoskeletal system | 335 | 107 | 24.2 | 159 | 41 | 20.5 | 0.301541924 | 1 |
| Other diagnostic radiology and related technique | 32 | 9 | 22.0 | 47 | 20 | 29.9 | 0.368685688 | 1 |
| Other fracture and dislocation procedure | 413 | 156 | 27.4 | 449 | 223 | 33.2 | 0.027930624 | 1 |
| Other hernia repair | 288 | 169 | 37.0 | 332 | 197 | 37.2 | 0.932903016 | 1 |
| Other non-OR therapeutic cardiovascular procedure | 120 | 27 | 18.4 | 55 | 23 | 29.5 | 0.056213611 | 1 |
| Other organ transplantation | 215 | 27 | 11.2 | 417 | 70 | 14.4 | 0.228509762 | 1 |
| Other therapeutic ear procedures | 37 | 4 | 9.8 | 50 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.02389377 | 1 |
| Other therapeutic endocrine procedures | 482 | 58 | 10.7 | 332 | 44 | 11.7 | 0.649099393 | 1 |
| Other therapeutic procedures, hemic and lymphatic system | 55 | 22 | 28.6 | 216 | 83 | 27.8 | 0.887341347 | 1 |
| Other vascular bypass and shunt, not heart | 121 | 27 | 18.2 | 229 | 71 | 23.7 | 0.191538478 | 1 |
| Peripheral vascular bypass | 247 | 61 | 19.8 | 437 | 152 | 25.8 | 0.044894373 | 1 |
| Skin graft | 428 | 270 | 38.7 | 910 | 571 | 38.6 | 0.954716721 | 1 |
| Small bowel resection | 86 | 22 | 20.4 | 96 | 24 | 20.0 | 0.944527047 | 1 |
| Thyroidectomy, partial or complete | 256 | 67 | 20.7 | 153 | 42 | 21.5 | 0.829624189 | 1 |
| Tracheoscopy and laryngoscopy with biopsy | 68 | 7 | 9.3 | 67 | 12 | 15.2 | 0.269336331 | 1 |
| Tracheostomy, temporary and permanent | 132 | 5 | 3.6 | 196 | 9 | 4.4 | 0.734822204 | 1 |
| Transurethral excision, drainage, or removal urinary obstruction | 52 | 20 | 27.8 | 137 | 68 | 33.2 | 0.397805739 | 1 |
| Treatment, facial fracture or dislocation | 48 | 22 | 31.4 | 114 | 54 | 32.1 | 0.914236798 | 1 |
| Treatment, fracture or dislocation of hip and femur | 984 | 442 | 31.0 | 842 | 412 | 32.9 | 0.302725453 | 1 |
| Ureteral catheterization | 171 | 87 | 33.7 | 140 | 51 | 26.7 | 0.110986071 | 1 |
CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CCS = Clinical Categorization Software; ERCP = endoscopic retrograde cannulation of pancreas; GI = gastrointestinal tract; OR = operating room; POD = postoperative day.