Table 1. Group analysis of metabolite concentrations and their changes during the visual stimulation paradigm.

	Baseline concentration	CRLB	Concentration difference (STIM−REST)
	Mean±s.e.m. (μmol/g)	Mean (%)	No linewidth correction		After linewidth matching
			Mean (%)	Mean±s.e.m. (μmol/g)	Mean (%)	Mean±s.e.m. (μmol/g)
Asc	0.96±0.04	16.9	1.7	0.01±0.03	−4.3	−0.05±0.03
Asp	3.58±0.15	7.4	−4.5	−0.17±0.04**	−5.4	−0.20±0.04***
Cr	4.22±0.10	3.7	2.2	0.09±0.03*	1.0	0.04±0.02
Cr+PCr	7.57±0.14	1.0	1.7	0.13±0.03*	0.9	0.06±0.02
GABA	1.03±0.09	16.6	0.9	−0.01±0.03	3.7	0.02±0.03
Glc	0.62±0.14	26.8	−16.7	−0.19±0.03**	−16.0	−0.19±0.03**
Gln	2.79±0.12	5.3	0.2	0.00±0.02	1.2	0.03±0.02
Glu	8.59±0.15	2.0	4.0	0.34±0.04***	3.3	0.28±0.03***
GPC	0.54±0.02	9.0	1.6	0.01±0.01	1.7	0.01±0.01
GSH	1.09±0.03	7.0	2.9	0.03±0.02	2.8	0.03±0.02
Lac	1.01±0.07	9.1	30.0	0.26±0.06**	29.6	0.26±0.06**
myo-Ins	6.08±0.18	2.0	2.1	0.13±0.04**	1.1	0.07±0.04
NAA	11.90±0.20	1.0	0.5	0.06±0.03	0.0	0.00±0.03
NAAG	1.32±0.07	6.5	−1.0	−0.01±0.01	−2.6	−0.03±0.01*
PC	0.40±0.01	11.8	2.5	0.01±0.01	0.7	−0.00±0.01
PCr	3.34±0.07	4.6	1.2	0.04±0.03	0.9	0.03±0.03
PE	0.93±0.03	9.2	4.6	0.04±0.01*	4.9	0.04±0.01*
scyllo-Ins	0.27±0.04	11.9	3.0	0.01±0.01	3.0	0.01±0.01
Tau	1.27±0.08	10.5	5.2	0.05±0.03	2.9	0.02±0.03

Abbreviations: Asc, ascorbate; Asp, aspartate; Cr, creatine; CRLB, Cramèr-Rao lower bound; fMRS, functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Glc, glucose; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; GPC, glycerophosphocholine; GSH, glutathione; Lac, lactate; myo-Ins, myo-inositol; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; NAAG, N-acetylaspartylglutamate; PC, phosphocholine; PCr, phosphocreatine; PE, phosphoethanolamine; REST, resting condition; scyllo-Ins, scyllo-inositol; STIM, stimulation period; Tau, taurine. Metabolite baseline concentrations and related CRLBs were quantified from fMRS data acquired during the second half of the first REST period (before stimulation). Mean concentration differences (STIM−REST) and their statistical significance were calculated from the second halves of STIM and after REST periods. Concentration changes were assessed in two different ways: (a) directly from fMRS data acquired during STIM and REST having slightly different linewidth (central column) and (b) from the fMRS data after linewidth matching between STIM and REST conditions (right column). Statistical significance of the concentration differences (STIM−REST) was assessed with two-tailed paired t-test combined with the false discovery method (q=0.05) to reduce the probability of false-positive results (*P<0.02, **P<0.002, ***P<0.

0005; N=8 for Glc and N=12 for all other metabolites).