Table 3.
Fasting plasma insulin concentrations and TAUC plasma insulin in response to breakfast, lunch, and dinner consisting of BAL or SKEW distribution of protein intake
|
Trial 1 |
Trial 2 |
Trial 3 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAL$ | SKEW | BAL$ | SKEW | BAL$ | SKEW | Meal × Group | Trial × Group | |
| Fasting Insulin, μU/ml | 15.2 ± 2.8 | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 10.8 ± 2.4 | 7.1 ± 2.4$ | 10.0 ± 2.2 | 8.4 ± 2.2 | 0.03 | |
| TAUC | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Breakfast*† | 87 ± 44 | 35 ± 21 | 66 ± 44 | 28 ± 12 | 62 ± 35 | 28 ± 11 | ||
| Lunch* | 68 ± 27 | 35 ± 20 | 56 ± 32 | 30 ± 16 | 44 ± 24 | 31 ± 15 | ||
| Dinner# | 93 ± 49 | 93 ± 54 | 75 ± 43 | 86 ± 41 | 63 ± 33 | 87 ± 42 | ||
Values are means ± SD; n = 10 participants/group. TAUC, total area under the concentration vs. time curve. Data were analyzed using a 3-factor (group × trial × meal) mixed-model ANOVA with simple planned contrasts and Tukey's post hoc test where appropriate. Plasma insulin concentrations were measured immediately before and 30 and 60 min after all meals and additionally 120 and 180 min after breakfast and lunch, and 240 min after dinner during trial 1 (energy balance), trial 2 (after 2 wk of energy restriction), and trial 3 (after 2 wk energy restriction + resistance training). Postprandial plasma insulin concentrations are expressed as TAUC (μU·ml−1·3 h−1 for breakfast and lunch, μU·ml−1·4 h−1 for dinner).
Different between groups.
Different from lunch in BAL only.
Different from other meals in SKEW only.
Different from other trials.