Table 4.
TAUC and Cmax plasma ∑TAA, ∑EAA, and leucine in response to breakfast, lunch, and dinner consisting of BAL or SKEW distribution of protein intake
|
Trial 1 |
Trial 2 |
Trial 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAL | SKEW | BAL | SKEW | BAL | SKEW | Trial | Meal × Group | Trial × Group | |
| TAUC | |||||||||
| TAA | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Breakfast* | 11,004 ± 7,093 | 7,503 ± 1,866 | 9,566 ± 566 | 9,401 ± 1,103 | 8,847 ± 1,215 | 7,306 ± 547 | |||
| Lunch | 8,948 ± 2,639 | 8,127 ± 1,985 | 9,037 ± 1,448 | 9,248 ± 774 | 8,858 ± 1,074 | 7,876 ± 843 | |||
| Dinner*† | 14,027 ± 3,429 | 16,466 ± 3,810 | 14,386 ± 1,613 | 18,819 ± 1,799 | 14,130 ± 1,682 | 15,322 ± 1,626 | |||
| EAA$ | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Breakfast*# | 3,774 ± 674 | 2,806 ± 769 | 4,252 ± 371 | 3,828 ± 318 | 3,806 ± 500 | 2,905 ± 197 | |||
| Lunch*# | 3,998 ± 1,029 | 3,297 ± 875 | 4,160 ± 787 | 3,983 ± 302 | 3,995 ± 407 | 3,347 ± 392 | |||
| Dinner*† | 6,248 ± 1,080 | 7,909 ± 2,124 | 6,631 ± 714 | 9,220 ± 732 | 6,395 ± 646 | 7,593 ± 949 | |||
| Leucine$ | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Breakfast*† | 781 ± 110 | 489 ± 122 | 899 ± 113 | 670 ± 66 | 784 ± 104 | 500 ± 34 | |||
| Lunch*† | 941 ± 157 | 664 ± 174 | 975 ± 201 | 800 ± 80 | 898 ± 63 | 624 ± 63 | |||
| Dinner*† | 1,442 ± 191 | 1,918 ± 534 | 1,523 ± 198 | 2,189 ± 159 | 1,433 ± 182 | 1,821 ± 205 | |||
| Cmax | |||||||||
| TAA‡ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Breakfast* | 3,605 ± 657 | 3,218 ± 704 | 4,059 ± 265 | 4,176 ± 526 | 3,881 ± 615 | 3,100 ± 303 | |||
| Lunch | 3,859 ± 888 | 3,548 ± 677 | 3,914 ± 534 | 4,048 ± 445 | 3,729 ± 638 | 3,377 ± 284 | |||
| Dinner*# | 4,082 ± 925 | 4,193 ± 687 | 4,165 ± 653 | 5,059 ± 462 | 3,786 ± 313 | 4,186 ± 644 | |||
| EAA$ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Breakfast*# | 1,618 ± 256 | 1,318 ± 302 | 1,921 ± 159 | 1,838 ± 211 | 1,803 ± 295 | 1,326 ± 120 | |||
| Lunch*# | 1,832 ± 438 | 1,534 ± 312 | 1,933 ± 338 | 1,905 ± 230 | 1,769 ± 265 | 1,542 ± 149 | |||
| Dinner*† | 2,008 ± 349 | 2,155 ± 434 | 2,098 ± 325 | 2,658 ± 150 | 1,905 ± 154 | 2,182 ± 389 | |||
| Leucine$ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Breakfast*† | 367 ± 53 | 257 ± 50 | 436 ± 53 | 363 ± 67 | 403 ± 64 | 258 ± 27 | |||
| Lunch*† | 454 ± 102 | 336 ± 71 | 486 ± 83 | 426 ± 62 | 423 ± 49 | 330 ± 26 | |||
| Dinner*† | 499 ± 69 | 558 ± 116 | 542 ± 97 | 673 ± 48 | 479 ± 43 | 554 ± 91 | |||
Values are means ± SD; n = 10 participants/group. Cmax, concentration maximum; TAA, total amino acids; EAA, essential amino acids. Data were analyzed using a 3-factor (group × trial × meal) mixed-model ANOVA with simple planned contrasts and Tukey's post hoc test where appropriate. Plasma amino acids concentrations were measured immediately before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min after all meals and additionally 240 and 300 min after dinner during trial 1 (energy balance), trial 2 (after 2 wk of energy restriction), and trial 3 (after 2 wk energy restriction + resistance training). Plasma amino acid concentrations are expressed as TAUC (nmol·ml−1·3 h−1 for breakfast and lunch, nmol·ml−1·5 h−1 for dinner) and Cmax (nmol/ml).
Different between groups.
Different from other meals within the same group.
Different from other meals in SKEW only.
Different from other trials for ∑EAA and leucine.
Different in trial 2 than other trials in SKEW only.