FIG 2.

GAA protects ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. (A) Chemical structure of gossypol acetic acid (GAA). (B) Representative MTT pictures showing GAA protects ARPE-19 cells from H₂O₂-induced cell death. (C) Comparison of ARPE-19 cell survival upon pretreatment with GAA and then with 300 μM H₂O₂ or 150 μM tBHP. (D) Comparison of cell protective abilities of gossypol acetic acid (GAA), gossypol (GOS), and acetic acid (AA). Cells treated with 5 μM concentrations of each compound were exposed to H₂O₂ or tBHP. Cell survival was evaluated by MTT assay. (E) Analysis of GAA protective effect on RPE cells under different GAA concentrations. Cells were pretreated for 24 h with different concentrations of GAA and treated with H₂O₂. (F) Comparison of GAA protective ability with other established indirect antioxidants: vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.