FIG 3.
GAA inhibits induction of necrosis by oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells. (A) Induction of RIPK3 activation H2O2, as visualized by the distinct punctuations of transfected RIPK3-GFP reporter (a to c), which was inhibited by GAA pretreatment (d to f). Bar, 25 μm. (B) GAA pretreatment inhibited H2O2-induced HMGB1 passive release to cytoplasm as visualized by transfected HMGB1-YFP reporter (a and b) and mitochondrial clump formation as visualized by transfected ANT1-RFP reporter (c and d). (C) H2O2 rapidly inhibited ATP production in RPE cells, which was rescued by GAA pretreatment. (D) Extrinsic necrotic pathway triggered by z-Vad pretreatment and TNF-α stimulation was not inhibited by GAA pretreatment in HDeF cells. (E) GAA pretreatment prevented H2O2-induced in HDeF cell death. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns or N.S., not significant.