Table 1.
Patient and hospital characteristics (model 1)
| Variables | All hospitals | Non-RARP-performing hospitals | RARP-performing hospitals | p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of hospitals | 225 | 152 | 73 | |
| Number of patients (%) | 20 411 | 3990 (19.5) | 16 421 (80.5) | |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age (%) | 0.007 | |||
| Younger than 55 | 3308 (16.4) | 595 (15.1) | 2713 (16.8) | |
| 55–64 | 8564 (42.5) | 1747 (44.4) | 6817 (42.1) | |
| 65–74 | 7628 (37.9) | 1491 (37.9) | 6137 (37.9) | |
| 75 or older | 631 (3.1) | 106 (2.7) | 525 (3.2) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 12 746 (62.5) | 2020 (57.7) | 10 726 (71.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1537 (7.5) | 316 (9.0) | 1221 (8.0) | |
| Hispanic | 2790 (13.7) | 888 (25.4) | 2790 (12.6) | |
| Other | 1529 (7.5) | 278 (7.9) | 1251 (8.3) | |
| Primary insurance (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Private | 12 411 (60.8) | 2142 (53.7) | 10 269 (62.5) | |
| Medicare | 6995 (34.3) | 1397 (35.0) | 5598 (34.1) | |
| Medicaid | 473 (2.3) | 216 (5.4) | 257 (1.6) | |
| Other† | 532 (2.6) | 235 (5.9) | 297 (1.8) | |
| Median household income (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Lowest quartile | 3252 (15.9) | 866 (22.2) | 2386 (14.9) | |
| Middle-low quartile | 4269 (20.9) | 1009 (25.9) | 3260 (20.4) | |
| Middle-high quartile | 5487 (26.9) | 1105 (28.4) | 4382 (27.4) | |
| Highest quartile | 6877 (33.7) | 915 (23.5) | 5962 (37.3) | |
| Comorbidity index (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 7917 (38.8) | 1305 (32.7) | 6612 (40.3) | |
| 1 | 6909 (33.9) | 1326 (33.2) | 5583 (34.0) | |
| 2 or Greater | 5585 (27.4) | 1359 (34.1) | 4226 (25.7) | |
| Place of residence (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Metro | 19 818 (97.3) | 3803 (96.4) | 16 015 (97.8) | |
| Non-metro | 549 (2.7) | 180 (3.6) | 369 (2.2) | |
| Year | <0.001 | |||
| 2009 | 6667 (32.7) | 1593 (39.9) | 5074 (30.9) | |
| 2010 | 6590 (32.3) | 1271 (31.9) | 5319 (32.4) | |
| 2011 | 7154 (35.1) | 1126 (28.2) | 6028 (36.7) | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Ownership (%) | 0.01 | |||
| Not-for-profit | 144 (64.3) | 92 (60.9) | 52 (71.2) | |
| For-profit | 40 (17.9) | 35 (23.2) | 5 (6.8) | |
| Government | 40 (17.9) | 24 (15.9) | 16 (21.9) | |
| Teaching status‡ (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-teaching | 204 (91.1) | 147 (96.7) | 58 (79.5) | |
| Teaching | 20 (8.9) | 5 (3.3) | 15 (20.5) | |
| Hospital bed size (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 0–399 | 194 (86.6) | 144 (94.7) | 51 (69.9) | |
| 400 and more | 30 (13.4) | 8 (5.3) | 22 (30.1) | |
*Pearson's χ2 test was conducted to test the proportional difference between RARP-performing hospitals and non-RARP-performing hospitals for each subpopulation.
†Other insurance includes self-pay, no charge, worker's compensation, or other government and/or county indigent programmes.
‡Teaching status was obtained from the AHA annual survey 2009 (member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals of the Association of American Medical Colleges.
RARP, Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.