Table 3.
Adjusted ORs (AORs) of receiving RARP versus Non-RARP by patient and hospital characteristics
| Model 1 (all hospitals*) |
Model 2 (RARP-performing hospitals†) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | p Value | AOR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Independent variables | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| Less than 55 (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| 55–64 | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.94)** | 0.004 | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.08) | 0.361 |
| 65–74 | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) | 0.933 | 0.90 (0.75 to 1.08) | 0.250 |
| 75 and older | 1.50 (1.08 to 2.07)* | 0.015 | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.29) | 0.643 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.14 (0.98 to 1.33) | 0.091 | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.29) | 0.431 |
| Hispanic | 0.63 (0.56 to 0.70)** | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | 0.929 |
| Other | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.353 | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 0.197 |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Medicare | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82)** | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.08) | 0.342 |
| Medicaid | 0.14 (0.11 to 0.19)** | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.31 to 0.58)** | <0.0001 |
| Other‡ | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12)** | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.53 to 1.06) | 0.107 |
| Median household income | ||||
| 1, lowest (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| 2, middle-low | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33)* | 0.018 | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.346 |
| 3, middle-high | 1.26 (1.11 to 1.43)** | 0.0004 | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.98)* | 0.025 |
| 4, highest | 1.90 (1.67 to 2.17)** | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.04) | 0.137 |
| Comorbidity index | ||||
| 0 (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| 1 | 0.71 (0.64 to 0.79)** | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.79 to 0.99)* | 0.028 |
| 2 or greater | 0.54 (0.49 to 0.60)** | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.71 to 0.90)** | 0.001 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Metro (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Non-metro | 0.28 (0.22 to 0.36)** | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.62) | 0.404 |
| Hospital ownership | ||||
| Not-for-profit (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| For-profit | 0.32 (0.27 to 0.38)** | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.31 to 0.52)** | <0.0001 |
| Government | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.41)** | 0.003 | 0.51 (0.46 to 0.58)** | <0.0001 |
| Teaching status | ||||
| Non-teaching (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| Teaching§ | 4.75 (4.16 to 5.41)** | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.49 to 1.83)** | <0.0001 |
| Hospital bed size | ||||
| 0–399 (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| 400 and more | 7.06 (6.03 to 8.27)** | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.48 to 0.59)** | <0.0001 |
| Year | ||||
| 2009 (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
| 2010 | 1.30 (1.18 to 1.44)** | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.30)** | 0.006 |
| 2011 | 1.87 (1.68 to 2.08)** | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.82 to 2.28)** | <0.001 |
| Sample size | ||||
| Hospital | 225 | 73 | ||
| Patient | 18 101 | 14 679 | ||
*Dependent variable for model 1 (all hospital model) was a hospital-level robotic surgery binary code (=1 if a hospital performed at least one RARP).
†Dependent variable for model 2 (RARP-performing hospital model) was a patient-level robotic surgery binary code (=1 if a patient underwent RARP).
‡Other insurance includes self-pay, no charge, worker's compensation, or other government and/or county indigent programmes.
§Teaching status was obtained from the AHA annual survey 2009 (member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals of the Association of American Medical Colleges.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01.
RARP, Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.