Structures of lactocin S, lacticin 3147 (peptides LtnA1 and LtnA2), nisin, nisin with designed C-terminal tail, and nisin(insS29KIH; K34L). The residues involved in the formation of (methyl)lanthionine are in yellow, d-alanines are depicted in blue, and Dha and Dhb are colored green and purple, respectively. The pathway for d-alanine conversion from serine is depicted. 2-ob, 2-oxobutyryl group.