Table 1.

Observational studies examining outcomes associated with treatment of activated vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney diseases

				AHR of all-cause
Study	Patients	Treatment	Follow-up	mortality	Comments
Shoji et al. [16]	242, prevalent HD	Oral alphacalcidol	61 months	No difference	Lower cardiovascular mortality
Teng et al. [17]	51 037, prevalent HD	Any analogue	24 months	0.74 (95% CI 0.71–0.79)
Melamed et al. [18]	1007, incident HD and PD	Calcitriol	36 months	0.62 (95% CI 0.44–0.86)
Kalantar-Zadeh et al. [19]	58 058, prevalent HD	Paricalcitol	24 months	Lower all-cause mortality	Possibly a dose-dependent effect
Tentori et al. [20]	7731, prevalent HD	Any analogue	37 weeks	0.83 (95% CI 0.77–0.91)	No difference between all three different analogues
Teng et al. [21]	67 399, prevalent HD	Paricalcitol	36 months	0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.90)	Versus calcitriol
Kovesdy et al. [22]	520, CKD stages 2–5	Calcitriol	2.1 years	0.35 (95% CI 0.23–0.54)	Pre-dialysis patients^a
Shoben et al. [23]	1418, CKD stages 3 and 4	Calcitriol	1.9 years	0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.95)	Pre-dialysis patients^a

HD, haemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; CKD, chronic kidney diseases; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aBoth showed a trend of lower risk of dialysis. See the text for detailed description.