Cass [32] 2002, AUS/NZ |
1 April 1995–31 December 1998 |
4234 |
3 months before RRT |
26% |
Hazard ratio 1.19/95% CI |
NA |
NA |
Excluded unavoidable LR 3.5%; % of transplanted patients |
Schwenger [26] 2006, Austria/Germany |
1 January 1998–31 December 2001 |
280 |
17 weeks before RRT |
39.6% |
LR 34.2% versus ER 5.5% within 1 year |
PD: 18.2% Austria, 10.2% Germany |
LR 16 days (4–104), ER 11 days (4–32) |
Two-centre study |
Roderick [15] 2002, UK |
1 June 1996–31 May 1997 |
361 |
4 months prior to RRT |
35% |
Death within 6 months |
NA |
10 days |
Differentiation unavoidable/avoidable |
|
|
|
1 month prior to RRT |
23% |
16% |
|
18 days |
|
|
|
|
|
|
32% |
|
|
|
Winkelmayer [50] 2001, USA |
January 1991–June 1996 |
3014 |
3 months prior to RRT |
35% |
NA |
78% HD, 22% PD |
NA |
Determinants given for initial modality choice and switch |
Nakamura [69] 2007, Japan |
1983–2003 |
366 |
6 months prior to RRT |
47% |
Death within 1 year after start of RRT |
NA |
NA |
Single centre |
Wauters [70] 2004, France |
November 1999–March 2001 |
279 |
6 months prior to RRT: ER |
71.6% |
NA |
ER 13.5%, LR 13.9% |
NA |
Region wide, multi-centre study |
|
|
|
6–1 months: intermediate reference |
15.1% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than 1 month: LR |
13.3% |
|
|
|
|
Sesso [71] 1996, Brazil |
October 1992–March 1995 |
184 |
1 month prior to RRT |
57% |
Survival rate: LR 69%, ER 87%; hazard ratio 2.77 |
LR 2.8%. ER 5.1%; |
NA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iPD LR 23.6%, ER 32.1% |
|
|
Górriz [72] 2002, Spain |
1996–97 |
362 |
6 months prior to RRT |
37.3% |
6-month survival rate: LR 10.2%, ER 3.2%; 3 years mortality: LR 36.9%, ER 24.9% |
ER/planned 18.3% PD, uPL LR: 5.1% |
ER 4.0 days (± 6.2 days), LR 17.7 (±14.6 days) |
Multi-centre study, planned and unplanned referrals |
Metcalfe [73] 2000, Scotland |
October 1997–September 1998 |
533 |
Planned and unplanned referral |
24.6% unplanned referral |
Hazard ratio: unplanned 3.6 (1.4–9.3) |
23% of 90 days survivors started on PD |
Planned 3 days (0–94 days), unplanned 9 days (0–124 days) |
Planned/unplanned, no recovery from ARF |
Roubicek [43] 2000, France |
January 1989–December 1996 |
270 |
4 months prior to RRT |
31% |
Not significant |
NA |
NA |
|
Schmidt [74] 1998, USA |
January 1990–April 1997 |
238 |
1 month prior to RRT |
35% |
|
|
|
|
Ifudu [75] 1999 |
1990–94 |
220 |
No nephrological care |
57% |
|
|
|
|
Sesso [40] 1996, Brazil |
October 1992–March 1995 |
184 |
1 month prior to RRT |
57% |
Survival rate: LR 69%, ER 87%; hazard ratio 2.77 |
LR 2.8%. ER 5.1%; |
NA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iPD LR 23.6%, ER 32.1% |
|
|
Korevaar [76] 2001, The Netherlands |
January 1997–May 1999 |
253 |
1 month prior to RRT |
37% |
Hazard ratio 1.66 |
|
|
|
Astor [65] 2001, USA |
October 1995–June 1996 |
356 |
1 month prior to RRT |
25% |
|
|
|
|
Lameire [77] 1997, Europe |
January 1993–December 1995 |
|
1 month prior to RRT |
35% |
|
|
|
|
Van Biesen [78] 1998, Europe |
January 1996–December 1997 |
|
1 month prior to RRT |
29% |
Deaths in the LRs 26.7 versus 16.4% |
23% LR on PD, ER 49% on PD |
Late versus early referrals (15.1 ± 16.0 versus 27.8 ± 23.7 days) |
|
Khan [79] 1994, UK |
|
304 |
Referred and non-referral to specialist |
|
2-year survival rate: 58.7% referred, 25% non-referred patients |
|
|
|
Navaneethan [80] 2007, USA |
March 2003–March 2005 |
204 |
GFR <15 ml/min: LR (CKD V), CKD I- IV: ER |
22% |
1-year survival rate: LR 18%, ER 9% |
NA |
NA |
|
Obialo [9], 2005, USA |
1999–2002 |
460 |
3 months prior to RRT: LR, under 1 month: ultra LR |
46% ultralate referred, 37% LR |
Mortality 40% ULR versus 15% ER and 26% LR |
NA |
NA |
Socioeconomic implications |
Steel [81] 2002, USA |
1996–2000 |
494 |
Referral 3 months prior to RRT |
|
|
|
|
Sociodemographic factors for LR |
Abderrahim [82] 2001, Tunesia |
1990–96 |
299 |
NA |
29–36% |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Subgroup analysis: diabetes leading to ESRD |
Bhan [83] 2007, Canada |
1 year |
93 |
3 months prior to RRT |
48% |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Analysis on vascular access |
Curtis [84,85] 2005, Canada/Italy |
1997–1998/1999–30 June 2002 |
288 |
3 months prior to RRT |
NA |
Standard nephrology clinic versus multi-disciplinary clinic attendance (hazards ratio 2.17) |
ER patients 40% PD, 60% HD |
NA |
Includes only ER patients, analysis of multi-disciplinary clinic care |
Frimat [86] 2004, France |
1997–99 |
508 // 148 patients with diabetes type II |
3 months prior to RRT |
27% |
|
75% HD, 25% PD |
NA |
Subgroup analysis: type II diabetes leading to ESRD |
Kazmi WH [85] 2004, USA |
1996–97 |
2195 |
4 months prior to RRT |
33% |
Hazard ratio 1.44 from LR death within 1 year |
53% ER 40% LR |
NA |
WAVE II study |
Lorenzo [87] 2004, USA |
1998–2003 |
538 |
3 months prior to RRT: planned presentation |
281 planned patients (52%), 257 unplanned patients (48%) |
Unplanned presentation hazard ratio (HR), 1.73 |
NA |
All-cause hospitalization (incidence rate ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.36 to 1.79; P < 0.001) |
Differentiation planned/ unplanned |
Riegel [88] 2005, Germany |
July 2002–March 2003 |
551 |
CKD IV: ER |
58% referred late: CKD V |
NA |
NA |
11.4 days ER, 17.4 days LR |
|
Ellis [89] 1998, UK |
1996–97 |
198 |
3 months prior to RRT |
32% LR |
12-month survival 60.5% versus 72.5% |
NA |
25 days LR versus 9.7 days ER |
|
Avorn [36] 2002, USA |
1991–96 |
3014 |
3 months prior to RRT |
34.5% |
37% increase in risk of death in the first year of dialysis |
NA |
NA |
|
Castellano [90] 2006, Spain |
2003–04 |
117 |
Planned and unplanned |
44% unplanned, 56% planned |
6-month mortality 4.6% versus 11.5% |
NA |
23.6 days unplanned, 3 days |
|
Gallego [91] 2003, Spain |
1994–98 |
139 |
6 months prior to RRT |
23% |
Mean survival time: 73.6 ± 4.3 months (ER) and 73.0 ± 6 months (LR) |
NA |
NA |
|
GIMEP [92] 2002, Italy |
1998–99 |
1137 |
2 months prior to RRT |
45% |
NA |
44% ER, 9.1% LR |
NA |
Multi-centre study |
Gøransson [93] 2001, Norway |
1984–98 |
242 |
3 months prior to RRT |
27% |
NA |
NA |
31 days LR, 7 days ER |
|
Lhotta [94] 2003, Austria |
January 1999– October 2000 |
75 |
GFR dependent: referral when GFR <20 ml: LR |
56% |
2-year follow-up: 45% deaths LR, 24% ER |
NA |
NA |
|
Lin [95] 2003, Taiwan |
February 1988–June 2001 |
115 |
6 months prior to RRT |
53% |
5-year follow-up: ER: 72.4%; LR: 35.2% |
NA |
NA |
Subgroup analysis of type II diabetes |
Pena [96] 2006, Spain |
January 1990 to December 2001 |
178 |
4 months prior to RRT |
22% |
|
NA |
NA |
|