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. 2015 May 6;5:9963. doi: 10.1038/srep09963

Figure 1. Pine cones motion in response to water.

Figure 1

(a) Schematic diagram of a pine cone depicts the motion of pine cone scales. When pine cones get wet, they fold their scales. The figures were created by the authors using SolidWorks software (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp., USA). (b) Folding trajectories of hemisected pine cones showing the distal (D), middle (M) and proximal (P) points of the scales. Symbols of ‘S’, ‘B’ and ‘F’ signify the scales, bract scales and fibers, respectively. (c) Displacement vectors of the scales were obtained using a PIV technique. The folding motions are mainly accentuated at the end of the scales. For clear comparison, the optical images captured at 0 and 15 min were overlapped. (d) Scales exhibit highest moving velocity initially, before the velocities gradually decrease. The error bars indicate the standard error (n = 3). Scale bar, 5 mm.