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. 2015 Apr 22;6:6978. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7978

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We calculated the time to visual appearance using electrocatalytic fluid displacement and reduction of an electrochromic compound. We assume the read-out window is a 200 μm × 200 μm × 50 μm chamber and the current is applied for 10 s. The onset of bubble formation occurs as the solution is saturated with oxygen. A bubble is defined as visible once it reaches the volume of the chamber. We assumed the electrochromic dye had the absorbance of malachite green and a visible change corresponds to a ΔOD of 1.