Table 1.
Beneficial effects of Xanthohumol on liver injury.
| Finding made in | Model | Biological activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro (cell culture model) | Hepatitis C virus replication in cell culture | XN reduced hepatitis C virus RNA levels | Lou et al., 2014 |
| Cultivated human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells | In both cell types XN inhibited activation of the transcription factor NF-κ B and expression of NF-κ B dependent proinflammatory genes | Dorn et al., 2010a | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) | XN induced apoptosis and repressed proliferation and migration as well as TNF-induced NF-κ B activity | Dorn et al., 2010b | |
| Comet assay in cultured human hepatoma cell line HepG2 | XN prevents the formation of DNA strand breaks, indicating that its protective effect is mediated by induction of cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress | Plazar et al., 2007 | |
| In vitro (Precision cut liver slices) | Precision-cut rat liver slices | XN completely prevented 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline- and benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage | Plazar et al., 2008 |
| In vivo (mice) | Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced liver injury in BALB/c mice | Orally applied XN (1 mg/g body weight for 5 days before I/R-injury) reduced liver injury, NF-κ B activation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines | Rauen et al., 1994 |
| Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in 10 weeks old female BALB/c mice | XN inhibited pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic hepatic gene expression and decreased hepatic NF-κ B activity | Dorn et al., 2012 | |
| Western-type diet-fed ApoE-deficient mice | XN reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations, decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, and attenuated plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 | Doddapattar et al., 2013 | |
| Mouse model of Non-Alcoholic Steatosis | XN reduced hepatic inflammation and expression of profibrogenic genes | Dorn et al., 2010a | |
| In vivo (Tupaia) | Hepatitis C virus infected Tupaia belangeri | XN improves hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis through inhibition of oxidative reaction and regulation of apoptosis and suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation | Yang et al., 2013 |
| In vivo (rat) | High fat diet in rats | XN inhibited the increase of body weight, liver weight, and triacylglycerol levels | Yui et al., 2014 |
| Orally administered hop extract and subcutaneously injection of XN in Sprague-Dawley rats over 4 days | XN display cytoprotective effects in the liver | Dietz et al., 2013 | |
| Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats | XN evolves hepatoprotective effects by its antioxidant properties and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and degradation of antioxidant enzymes that are induced by CCl4 intoxication | Pinto et al., 2012 | |
| Metabolic syndrome in 4 week old Zucker fa/fa rats | XN has beneficial effects on markers of metabolic syndrome such as body weight and plasma glucose levels | Legette et al., 2013 | |
| Amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced preneoplastic foci formation in rat livers | XN protects against DNA damage and cancer | Pinto et al., 2012 | |
| IR-induced hepatic injury in rats | XN reduced reactive oxygen species formation and NF-κ B activity in vitro and lipid peroxidation was attenuated, while Bcl-X expression and caspase-3 like activity was decreased | Hartkorn et al., 2009 |
Abbreviations used are: I/R, Ischemia-reperfusion; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; XN, Xanthohumol.