Table 5.

Peer-reviewed studies reporting effective smartphone/iPod EMIs.

Study	Intervention target	Sensors	Tailoring	App-based	EMI frequency	EMI duration	Immediate Post-intervention effects	Long-term effects
Obermayer et al., 2004	Smoking cessation		x		Variant; At least 2 per day; Combined with website	6 weeks	xa
Rodgers et al., 2005	Smoking cessation		x		5 per day for 6 weeks; 3 per week thereafter	6 months	x	x
Franklin et al., 2006	Type 1 diabetes management		x		1 daily and 1 weekly message	12 months	x
Kim and Jeong, 2007	Type 2 diabetes management		x		Weekly	6 months	x
Joo and Kim, 2007	Weight management behavior				Weekly	12 weeks	x
Hurling et al., 2007	Physical activity	x	x		Tailored; Combined with website and email	4 months	x
Weitzel et al., 2007	Negative consequences of drinking		x		Daily surveys and messages	2 weeks	x
Yoon and Kim, 2008	Type 2 diabetes management		x		Weekly	12 months	x
Brendryen et al., 2008	Smoking cessation				Between 1 and 3 messages every 2 weeks; Combined with website, interview and email	12 months	x	x
Atienza et al., 2008	Dietary intake		x		2 per day	8 weeks	x
King et al., 2008	Physical activity		x		2 daily assessments; 1 daily & weekly tailored	8 weeks	x
Patrick et al., 2009	Weight loss		x		Variant; Typically 1–5 per day	4 months	x
Rizvi et al., 2011	Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder			x	On average 15 times total	10–14 days	x
Burns et al., 2011	Major depressive disorder	x		x	Tailored	8 weeks	xa
Pop-Eleches et al., 2011	Antiretroviral therapy adherence				Weekly	48 weeks		x
Granholm et al., 2012	Schizophrenia-related medication adherence, socialization and hallucinations				12 per day; Combined with initial training	12 weeks	x
Villani et al., 2012	Stress			x	8 videos	4 weeks	x
Kauer et al., 2012	Emotional self-awareness and depressive symptoms			x	Approximately 2 per day (self-initiated)	2–4 weeks		x
Watts et al., 2013	Depression		x		6 sessions; Combined with weekly assignments and email	n/a	x	x
Robinson et al., 2013	Eating behaviors and weight management		x	x	2.7 episodes on average (user-initiated)	27.5 days on average	xb
Carta et al., 2013	Parenting strategies and child engagement				2 per day; Combined with training home visits and weekly phone calls	Not specified	x	x
King et al., 2013	Motivation and physical activity	x	x	x	Live wallpaper and 1 end of day intervention; Combined with user-initiated features, texts and weekly alerts if goals weren't met	8 weeks	x
Wayne and Ritvo, 2014	Self-management of type 2 diabetes	x		x	User-initiated; Combined with phone calls and in person meetings	6 months	x
Enock et al., 2014	Social anxiety		x		3 per day	4 weeks	x
Bless et al., 2014	Auditory attention		x	x	2 per day	21 days	x
Ben-Zeev et al., 2014	Schizophrenia			x	5.2 per day on average	1 month	x
Bond et al., 2014	Sedentary time reduction	x	x	x	Dependent on activity levels; Combined with education session	3 weeks	x
Dulin et al., 2014	Treatment of alcohol use disorders	x	x	x	Variant; Location-based	6 weeks	x
Lane et al., 2014	Sleep, physical activity, social interaction	x	x	x	Constantly accessible summary data	19 days	xc
Maddison et al., 2014	Self-efficacy and exercise				Variant; First 12-weeks more intense; Combined with website	2 months	x
Mhurchu et al., 2014	Weight management behavior	x	x		Ave. 2 motivational texts per day; 2 self-monitoring texts per week; Combined with hard-copy “toolkit” and website	8 weeks; 4 week maintenance		xd
Kramer et al., 2014	Depression		x		10 per day for 3 consecutive days per week; Weekly face-to-face feedback sessions	6 weeks	x	x
Cranwell et al., 2014	Self-control				3 per day	4 weeks	X
Macias et al., 2015	Psychiatric and physical well-being	x		X	1 semiweekly, 1 weekly and 1 end of study assessment; Combined with texts, digital readings and videos	4 weeks	X

These studies were located by searching Pubmed.com, and publications from peer-reviewed journals listed in Scholar.google.com, up to November 27th, 2014 (search terms: “ecological momentary intervention” and “smartphone”).

^aDid not use controls.

^bHalf of participants lost weight. However, there was no control group as this was an intervention feasibility study.

^cThese results are from a small pilot, feasibility study.

^dA pre/post decrease in weight and body mass index (BMI) was observed but there was no control as this was mainly a feasibility study.