Table 4.
Associations between crime and walking frequency/week, with adjustment for different built environment characteristics, in adults 25–65 years (n = 3,487)
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a | Model 3b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crime | Crime + residential density + street connectivity | Crime + local destinations | Crime + hotels, pubs, clubs & restaurants 1 | |||||
| Relative change (CI) 1 | p | Relative change (CI) 1 | p | Relative change (CI) 1 | p | Relative change (CI) 1 | p | |
| Actual and attempted burglary | ||||||||
| 400 m service area | ||||||||
| Burglary | 1.086 (1.030-1.145) | 0.002 | 1.087 (1.029-1.148) | 0.003 | 1.069 (1.008-1.132) | 0.025 | 1.063 (1.004-1.127) | 0.037 |
| Residential density | 0.999 (0.997-1.001) | 0.279 | ||||||
| Street connectivity | 1.000 (0.999-1.001) | 0.822 | ||||||
| Local destinations | 1.002 (0.999-1.006) | 0.179 | ||||||
| Hotels, pubs, clubs & restaurants2 | 1.039 (0.996-1.084) | 0.076 | ||||||
| 1600 m service area | ||||||||
| Burglary | 1.007 (1.003-1.011) | 0.002 | 1.006 (1.001-1.011) | 0.011 | 1.003 (0.997-1.008) | 0.344 | 1.003 (0.998-1.008) | 0.293 |
| Residential density | 1.000 (0.995-1.006) | 0.861 | ||||||
| Street connectivity | 1.001 (0.999-1.003) | 0.468 | ||||||
| Local destinations | 1.001 (1.000-1.001) | 0.015 | ||||||
| Hotels, pubs, clubs & restaurants2 | 1.006 (1.001-1.012) | 0.016 | ||||||
| Personal crime in public space | ||||||||
| 400 m service area | ||||||||
| Personal crime | 1.077 (1.013-1.145) | 0.017 | 1.078 (1.013-1.001) | 0.018 | 1.054 (0.989-1.124) | 0.104 | 1.049 (0.986-1.116) | 0.131 |
| Residential density | 0.999 (0.997-1.001) | 0.268 | ||||||
| Street connectivity | 1.000 (0.999-1.001) | 0.614 | ||||||
| Local destinations | 1.003 (0.999-1.006) | 0.114 | ||||||
| Hotels, pubs, clubs & restaurants2 | 1.045 (1.001-1.090) | 0.043 | ||||||
| 1600 m service area | ||||||||
| Personal crime | 1.010 (1.004-1.016) | 0.001 | 1.009 (1.003-1.015) | 0.003 | 1.006 (0.999-1.012) | 0.098 | 1.004 (0.996-1.014) | 0.326 |
| Residential density | 1.000 (0.995-1.005) | 0.984 | ||||||
| Street connectivity | 1.001 (0.999-1.003) | 0.469 | ||||||
| Local destinations | 1.000 (1.000-1.001) | 0.041 | ||||||
| Hotels, pubs, clubs & restaurants2 | 1.005 (0.998-1.012) | 0.139 | ||||||
1From negative binomial log-linear models and represents change in walking frequency per unit increase in the spatial variable, except for burglary/personal crime variables where they represent change per increase of 10/year. All models adjust for age, sex, partner, education and IRSD. 2Subset of destinations that are likely to serve alcohol. Bold denotes p < 0.05.