Table 1.

Bupivacaine alone and combination with epinephrine affect the channels current-density

Channel current	Cell number	TO (pA/pF)	T1 (pA/pF)	T2 (pA/pF)
INa	5	−8.3 ± 0.9	−2.2 ± 0. 6	−2.3 ± 0.7
ICa-L	6	−7. 8 ± 0.7	−2.0 ± 0.6	−4.9 ± 0.9
Ito	6	23 ± 5	15 ± 3	26 ± 8

Data were shown as mean ± SD. T0 = before the bupivacaine perfusion; T1 = after the perfusion of the 100 μmol/L bupivacaine; T2 = after the perfusion of the 100 μmol/L bupivacaine with 0.15 μg/ml epinephrine.

I_Na: T1 vs T0, P < 0.001; T2 vs T1, P >0.05.

I_Ca-L: T1 vs T0, P < 0.001; T2 vs T1, P < 0.001.

I_to: T₁vs T₀, P < 0.05; T₂vs T₁, P < 0.05.