Table 3.
Association between socioeconomic factors, BMI, MVPA and (in)direct costs (logistic regression model)
| Parameter | Direct costs (no/yes) | Indirect costs (no/yes) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Physician | Therapist | Hospital | Inpatient rehabilitation | Parental work absence | |
| Odds [95% CI] | Odds [95% CI] | Odds [95% CI] | Odds [95% CI] | Odds [95% CI] | Odds [95% CI] | |
| Age | 0.98 [0.63-1.51] | 0.98 [0.65-1.48] | 0.93 [0.65-1.31] | 2.22 [1.28-3.86]** | 1.87 [0.65-5.42] | 0.86 [0.59-1.25] |
| Gender, Ref: Girls | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Boys | 1.17 [0.95-1.43] | 1.10 [0.91-1.33] | 1.21 [1.04-1.42]* | 0.94 [0.69-1.27] | 1.10 [0.61-1.98] | 1.03 [0.87-1.23] |
| BMI categories 1 , Ref: Normal weight (P10 to P90) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Severely underweight (< P3) | 1.81 [0.83-3.96] | 1.79 [0.86-3.74] | 1.14 [0.71-1.85] | 1.99 [0.94-4.23] | 4.23 [1.43-12.52]** | 1.14 [0.66-1.98] |
| Underweight (P3 to < P10) | 1.07 [0.70-1.63] | 0.97 [0.66-1.44] | 1.34 [0.98-1.82] | 1.52 [0.87-2.66] | 0.83 [0.20-3.50] | 1.13 [0.80-1.60] |
| Overweight, not obese (> P90 to P97) | 1.12 [0.72-1.74] | 0.98 [0.66-1.47] | 1.55 [1.12-2.14]** | 1.49 [0.84-2.66] | 0.81 [0.19-3.43] | 0.93 [0.63-1.38] |
| Obese (> P97) | 2.24 [0.80-6.26] | 2.56 [0.92-7.12] | 1.11 [0.61-2.03] | 1.62 [0.63-4.19] | 5.42 [1.96-15.03]*** | 1.41 [0.75-2.63] |
| Missing | 0.67 [0.42-1.06] | 0.66 [0.42-1.03] | 0.64 [0.40-1.04] | 1.24 [0.59-2.60] | 1.72 [0.51-5.80] | 1.10 [0.70-1.75] |
| Education level of parents 2 , Ref: High (>10 years) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low (<10 years) | 1.33 [0.81-2.19] | 1.41 [0.87-2.28] | 0.78 [0.51-1.19] | 1.66 [0.88-3.12] | 2.37 [0.84-6.67] | 0.69 [0.42-1.15] |
| Medium (=10 years) | 1.04 [0.81-1.33] | 1.08 [0.85-1.37] | 1.07 [0.87-1.30] | 1.08 [0.74-1.57] | 1.51 [0.75-3.02] | 0.98 [0.79-1.22] |
| Relative income position 3 , Ref: > 100% of median income | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≤60% of median income | 0.92 [0.66-1.28] | 0.89 [0.66-1.22] | 1.01 [0.78-1.32] | 1.15 [0.73-1.83] | 1.77 [0.75-4.14] | 0.77 [0.57-1.04] |
| >60% and ≤ 100% of median income | 0.77 [0.60-0.97]* | 0.81 [0.65-1.02] | 1.21 [1.00-1.46]* | 0.81 [0.56-1.17] | 1.03 [0.48-2.23] | 0.92 [0.76-1.13] |
| Single parenthood, Ref: No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.93 [0.66-1.30] | 1.00 [0.73-1.39] | 1.11 [0.86-1.44] | 0.75 [0.43-1.29] | 1.60 [0.69-3.68] | 0.81 [0.60-1.09] |
| Missing | 0.95 [0.44-2.02] | 0.84 [0.42-1.68] | 1.13 [0.62-2.07] | 0.60 [0.14-2.49] | <0.001 [<0.001- > 999.999] | 1.57 [0.83-2.94] |
| Study region, Ref: Munich | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Leipzig | 1.55 [1.03-2.33]* | 1.78 [1.20-2.64]** | 0.82 [0.63-1.07] | 1.73 [1.10-2.73]* | 3.18 [1.36-7.40]** | 1.97 [1.52-2.54]*** |
| Bad Honnef | 1.15 [0.70-1.88] | 1.22 [0.77-1.94] | 0.69 [0.48-0.99]* | 1.10 [0.56-2.19] | 1.09 [0.24-4.96] | 0.76 [0.51-1.13] |
| Wesel | 0.68 [0.53-0.86]*** | 0.75 [0.60-0.94]** | 0.50 [0.41-0.61]*** | 0.89 [0.61-1.31] | 1.53 [0.72-3.28] | 0.38 [0.30-0.48]*** |
| MVPA activity time 4 , Ref: < 7 h/week MVPA 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥7 h/week MVPA6 | 0.95 [0.76-1.19] | 1.06 [0.86-1.30] | 1.05 [0.88-1.25] | 1.20 [0.85-1.68] | 0.97 [0.52-1.84] | 1.04 [0.87-1.26] |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; h: hours, Odds: odds ratio estimates; %: percentage; Ref: reference category.
1BMI categories according to Kromeyer-Hauschild et al. 2001 [28].
2Maximum completed school years of either of the parents.
3Categorized relatively to the median equivalence income of the year 2007 (1521 EUR/month) [24].
4MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (year average, dichotomized according to WHO recommendations ≥ 60 min/day MVPA) [2].
5WHO recommendations not met.
6WHO recommendations met.
***/**/*, values nominally significant at the 0.1%/1%/5% level (without adjustment for multiple testing); number of observations: 3356.
Model information: dependent variables: odds of direct costs (total, physician use, therapist use, hospital use, inpatient rehabilitation use) and odds of indirect costs (parental work absence);
assumptions: binominal distribution of the error terms, logit-link function.