Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study subjects.
| Men (n=2987) | Women (n=4554) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.5±0.4 | 42.5±0.4 | 0.9524 |
| Height (cm) | 170.9±0.2 | 158.0±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.8±0.2 | 53.8±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 22.15±0.04 | 21.53±0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.2±0.2 | 73.3±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Waist–height ratio | 46.4±0.1 | 46.4±0.1 | 0.5115 |
| Body fat (%) | 20.2±0.2 | 31.5±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| ASM (kg) | 21.5±0.1 | 14.0±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| ASM/weight (%) | 33.2±0.1 | 26.0±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 116.3±0.4 | 110.5±0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.0±0.3 | 70.9±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol l−1) | 5.11±0.01 | 4.98±0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol l−1) | 49.5 (48.6, 50.4) | 51.2 (50.5, 52.0) | 0.0004 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.86 (1.83, 1.90) | 1.88 (1.85, 1.91) | 0.2873 |
| TC (mmol l−1) | 4.72±0.02 | 4.70±0.02 | 0.4421 |
| Triglycerides (mmol l−1) | 1.24 (1.20, 1.27) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.93) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 1.34±0.01 | 1.48±0.01 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 2.71±0.02 | 2.73±0.02 | 0.4910 |
| TC/HDL ratio | 3.69±0.03 | 3.30±0.02 | <0.0001 |
| TG/HDL ratio | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 0.63 (0.62, 0.65) | <0.0001 |
| TyG | 8.53±0.02 | 8.21±0.01 | <0.0001 |
| IFG (%) | 18.7 (0.9) | 10.9 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 26.2 (1.0) | 15.4 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 10.5 (0.7) | 10.8 (0.5) | 0.7620 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 26.7 (1.0) | 20.9 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake per day (kcal) | 2377±24 | 1709±14 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| None | 12.5 (0.7) | 29.9 (0.9) | |
| Mild to moderate | 71.1 (0.9) | 68.3 (0.9) | |
| Heavy | 16.4 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.2) | |
| Smoking (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| None | 24.2 (0.9) | 89.0 (0.6) | |
| Ex-smoker | 27.7 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.4) | |
| Current smoker | 48.2 (1.0) | 6.6 (0.5) |
Abbreviations: ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol.
Data are expressed as the means±s.e., % (s.e.) or geometric means (95% confidence interval).