Figure 3. Eulemur species expressing female social dominance (‘FSD’) differ markedly in behaviour from closely related species that are egalitarian, but all show the typical mammalian sex difference in testosterone concentrations.

Shown are mean + S.E.M. rates of (A) dominance behaviour, (B) aggression, and (C) scent marking, as well as mean + S.E.M. concentrations of (D) serum testosterone (ng/ml) for each member of the mixed‐sex pairs. Female (red/pink); male (blue/light blue). Between sex comparisons (no brackets); between female comparisons (brackets): **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05.