Fig. 5.
Formation, metabolism and DNA adducts of estrogens. Activating enzymes and depurinating DNA adducts are in red and protective enzymes are in green. N-Acetylcysteine (NAcCys, shown in blue) and resveratrol (Resv, burgundy) indicate the various points where NAcCys and Resv could improve the balance of estrogen metabolism and minimize formation of depurinating estrogen–DNA adducts.