Table 3.
Number of participants in each grand-parenting experience category and who described each grand-parenting experience theme, by participant depression status
| Analytic sample (N=110) |
Chronic depressiona |
Recent depressionb |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=56) |
Yes (n=51) |
p- value |
No (n=36) |
Yes (n=70) |
p- value |
||
| CATEGORY | |||||||
| Grand-parenting experience with any positive features | 90 (81.8) | 44 (78.6) |
44 (86.3) |
0.298 | 31 (86.1) |
55 (78.6) |
0.437 |
| Grand-parenting experience with any stressful features | 57 (51.8) | 24 (42.9) |
32 (62.7) |
0.04 | 13 (36.1) |
42 (60.0) |
0.025 |
| Grand-parenting experience with both positive and stressful features | 37 (33.6) | 12 (21.4) |
25 (49.0) |
0.003 | 8 (22.2) | 27 (38.6) |
0.090 |
| POSITIVE THEMES | |||||||
| Special joy | 16 (14.5) | 7 (12.5) | 8 (15.7) | 0.635 | 5 (13.9) | 11 (15.7) |
1c |
| Sense of personal meaning | 24 (21.8) | 10 (17.9) |
14 (27.5) |
0.235 | 10 (27.8) |
13 (18.6) |
0.276 |
| Love and affection | 8 (7.3) | 2 (3.6) | 5 (9.8) | 0.254c | 0 (0) | 8 (11.4) | 0.049c |
| Pleasant activity | 65 (59.1) | 32 (57.1) |
33 (64.7) |
0.424 | 21 (58.3) |
40 (57.1) |
0.907 |
| Improved self-care | 4 (3.6) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.90) | 0.105c | 3 (8.3) | 1 (1.4) | 0.112c |
| Future orientation | 13 (11.8) | 8 (14.3) | 5 (9.8) | 0.562c | 6 (16.7) | 6 (8.6) | 0.213 |
| Explicit depression relief | 28 (25.5) | 8 (14.3) | 19 (37.3) |
0.006 | 4 (11.1) | 23 (32.9) |
0.018c |
| Reduced loneliness | 6 (5.5) | 1 (1.8) | 5 (9.8) | 0.101c | 2 (5.6) | 4 (5.7) | 1c |
| Enhanced social relationships | 9 (8.2) | 8 (14.3) | 1 (2.0) | 0.033c | 4 (11.1) | 4 (5.7) | 0.440c |
| STRESSFUL THEMES | |||||||
| Geographic separation | 13 (11.8) | 4 (7.1) | 9 (17.6) | 0.139c | 4 (11.1) | 9 (12.9) | 1c |
| Strained family relationships | 21 (19.1) | 13 (23.2) |
7 (13.7) | 0.209 | 4 (11.1) | 16 (22.9) |
0.193c |
| Grandchildren’s physical/behavioral health problems | 24 (21.8) | 9 (16.1) | 15 (29.4) |
0.098 | 6 (16.7) | 18 (25.7) |
0.292 |
| Grandparent’s physical health problems | 5 (4.5) | 2 (3.6) | 3 (5.9) | 0.668c | 1 (2.8) | 3 (4.3) | 1c |
Notes all values given are are n (%). P-values calculated using Chi-square test unless otherwise noted.
a
Item was missing for 3 participants.
b
Item was missing for 4 participants.
c
p-value calculated using Fisher’s Exact Test.