Table 5.

Estimates of intervention effect size and total amount of residual heterogeneity ( τ ² ) from final mixed-effect models

Risk factor 1	Overall effect size		Effect size change for intervention attributes and other factors			Residual heterogeneity
	Estimate ± SE	P- value	Explanatory Variables 2	Estimate ± SE 3	P -value	τ 2	P -value
FI (mU/L)	-2.56 ± 0.58	<0.001	Presence of IGT, IR or MetS	-1.20 ± 0.69	0.082	1.523 ± 0.773	<0.001
			Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)	-0.68 ± 0.26	0.009
			Incorporation of resistance training	1.72 ± 0.81	0.034
FG (mmol/L)	-0.18 ± 0.04	<0.001	Presence of IGT, IR or MetS	-0.08 ± 0.05	0.098	0.010 ± 0.004	<0.001
			After a follow-up period	0.13 ± 0.06	0.034
SBP (mm Hg)	-2.77 ± 0.56	<0.001	Presence of IGT, IR or MetS	-3.23 ± 1.00	0.001	2.796 ± 1.419	<0.001
			Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)	-0.64 ± 0.23	0.006
			Length of intervention (months)	0.13 ± 0.03	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	-0.015 ± 0.015	0.305	Age at baseline (years)	-0.006 ± 0.002	0.021	0.005 ± 0.002	<0.001
			Fraction of women participants	-0.086 ± 0.046	0.065
TAG (mmol/L)	-0.258 ± 0.037	<0.001	Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)	-0.061 ± 0.017	<0.001	0.029 ± 0.009	<0.001
			Baseline TAG (mmol/L)	-0.243 ± 0.076	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	-1.61 ± 0.13	<0.001	Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)	-0.22 ± 0.08	0.003	0.353 ± 0.125	<0.001
			Fat intake restriction (% Energy)	-0.10 ± 0.03	0.003
			Exercise session duration (10 min)	-0.24 ± 0.12	0.055
			Baseline BMI (kg/m2)	-0.07 ± 0.04	0.095

¹ FI: Fasting insulin, FG: Fasting glucose, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, HDL: High density lipoprotein, TAG: Triacylglyceride, BMI: Body mass index.

² IGT = Impaired glucose tolerance, IR = Insulin resistance and MetS = Metabolic syndrome.

³Standard error of the estimate.