Table 1.
Current personalisation possibilities in 3D cardiac computational modelling
| Features | Technique | Invasiveness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomy | Segmentation of in-vivo image | Non-invasive | ||
| Fibre orientation | Image-based estimation (in-vivo DTI) | Non-invasive | ||
| Cardiac conduction system | PMJs from EAMs | Invasive | ||
| Pathology (Structural remodelling) | Anatomical variations | Clinical image-based | Non-invasive | |
| Localised fibrosis | Image-based (e.g. DE-MRI) | Non-invasive | ||
| EAMs | Invasive | |||
| Diffuse fibrosis | Image-based (T1 mapping MRI) | Non-invasive | ||
| Electrophysiology | Action potential | NO | ||
| Heterogeneity | NO | |||
| Electrical remodelling | NO | |||
| Genetic mutations | NO | |||
| Conduction velocities | Global: | ECG | Non-invasive | |
| Local: | EAMs | Invasive | ||
| APD restitution curve | EAMs | Invasive | ||
| Extracellular ion concentrations | Blood test (electrolyte concentrations) (time-variant) | Invasive | ||
| Activation pattern | ECG or BSPM | Non-invasive | ||
| EAMs | Invasive | |||
| Cardiac mechanics | Biomechanical model | Dynamic image-based | Non-invasive | |
| Material properties | NO | |||
| Boundary conditions | Dynamic image-based | Non-invasive | ||
This table shows the techniques that can be currently used to personalise the different features and components of a 3D cardiac computational model aimed at biophysical simulation, specifying whether the technique is invasive or non-invasive.