Table 1.
A chronological snapshot of comparative hierarchical properties of cortical and trabecular bones.
| level | indices | ref. | bone type | testing technique | cortical bone | cancellous bone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| macro-structure | ash (inorganic) content % | [13] | rat femur/tibia | thermogravimetry | 66.4 (0.3) | 62.0 (0.3) |
| [21] | steer vertebra/tibia | gravimetry | 67.86 | 64.55 | ||
| protein content (%) | [21] | steer vertebra/tibia | gravimetry | 28 | 31.09 | |
| bone mineral density (BMD) (g cm−3) | [17] | mouse femur/tibia | μCT | 1.089 (0.017) | 0.745 (0.102) | |
| [28] | human (black) tibia | peripheral QCT | 0.229 (0.088) | 1.188 (0.043) | ||
| human (white) tibia | 0.255 (0.053) | 1.117 (3.6) | ||||
| bone tissue density (ρT) (g cm−3) | [22] | rat vertebra/femur | gravimetry | 2.066 (0.005) | 1.908 (0.011) | |
| [21] | human vertebra/tibia | gravimetry | 1.91 | 1.87 | ||
| steer vertebra/tibia | gravimetry | 1.995 (0.01) | 1.93 (0.22) | |||
| stiffness (N mm−1) | [15] | rat femoral midshaft | three-point bending | 47.24 (6.59) | — | |
| [31] | rat femoral midshaft | three-point bending | 588 (75) | — | ||
| rat vertebra | compression | — | 1327 (336) | |||
| failure load (N) | [15] | rat femoral midshaft | three-point banding | 160.09 (30.80) | — | |
| microstructure | BV/TV (mm3 mm−3) | [15] | rat femur | μCT | 0.46 | 0.11 (0.04) |
| [17] | mouse femur/tibia | μCT | — | 0.25 (0.06) | ||
| [20] | fetal pig mandibular | μCT | — | 24.14 (4.14) | ||
| mod. of elasticity (GPa) | [30] | human iliac crest (23 year) | three-point bending | 3.76 (1.68) | 3.03 (1.63) | |
| human iliac crest (63 year) | three-point bending | 5.26 (2.09) | 4.16 (2.02) | |||
| [7] | human tibia | four-point bending | 6.75 (1.00) | 5.72 (1.27) | ||
| [29] | human proximal tibia | three-point banding | 5.44 (1.25) | 4.59 (1.6) | ||
| yield strength (YS) (GPa) | [27] | human femur | compression | 0.109 | 0.089 | |
| nanostructure | tissue modulus (GPa) | [32] | porcine femur | microindentation | 11.6 (9.5) | 5.9 (4.3) |
| nanoindentation | 16.4 (1.3) | 21.5 (2.1) | ||||
| [25] | human vertebrae/tibia | nanoindentation | 25.8 (0.7) | 13.4 (2.0) | ||
| [26] | human femur | acoustic microscopy | 17.73 (0.22) | 17.5 (1.12) | ||
| nanoindentation | 20.02 (0.27) | 18.14 (1.7) | ||||
| [4] | human femur | nanoindentation | 21.2 (5.3) | 11.4 (5.3) | ||
| hardness (GPa) | [25] | human vertebrae/tibia | nanoindentation | 0.736 (0.034) | 0.468 (0.079) | |
| [4] | human femur | nanoindentation | 0.234–0.76 | 0.234–0.76 | ||
| composition | CO3 (−) | [13] | rat femur/tibia | FT-IR | 3.8 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.2) |
| [11] | bovine femur/tibia | chemical analysis | 5.33 (0.1) | 5.33 (0.18) | ||
| C/PO4 (−) | [11] | bovine femur/tibia | chemical analysis | 0.17 | 0.17 | |
| Ca (mg g−1) | [19] | bovine femur | colorimetry | 271 | 257 | |
| [23] | child vertebrae/femur | gravimetry | 194 | 47.4 | ||
| HPO4 (%) | [11] | bovine femur/tibia | FT-IR | 20.3 (0.2) | 20.7 (0.2) | |
| PO4 | [11] | bovine femur/tibia | FT-IR (%) | 9.6 (0.1) | 8.7 (0.1) | |
| [23] | child vertebrae/femur | chemical analysis (mg g−1 of bone) | 24.1 | 90.3 | ||
| Ca/P (−) | [13] | rat femur/tibia | spectrophometry | 1.63 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | |
| [11] | bovine femur/tibia | chemical analysis | 1.64 (0.02) | 1.58 (0.06) |