Table 1.

Some examples of dysbiosis found in human diseases.

Disease	Model	Dysbiosis	Sample	References
Ulcerative colitis	Mice	↓Lactobacilli ↑Clostridiales	Colonic	[56]
	Mice	↑E. coli	Colonic	[57]
	Humans	↓R. hominis ↓F. prausnitzii	Fecal	[58]
Crohn’s disease	Humans	↓Bacteroides ↓Bifidobacteria	Fecal	[61]
Obesity	Mice	↓Bacteroides ↑Firmicutes ↑Proteobacteria	Fecal	[67]
Type-1diabetes	Humans (children)	↓Lactobacillus ↓Bifidobacterium ↓Blautia coccoides ↓Eubacterium rectal ↓Prevotella ↑Clostridium ↑Bacteroides ↑Veillonella	Fecal	[87]
Type-2 diabetes	Humans	↓Clostridia ↓Firmicutes ↑Betaproteobacteria	Fecal	[88]
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	Rats	↑E. coli	Proximal small intestine	[92]
Colorectal cancer	Humans	↓Prevotella ↓Ruminococcus spp. ↓Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis ↑Acidaminobacter, ↑Phascolarctobacterium, ↑Citrobacter farmer ↑Akkermansia muciniphila	Fecal	[104]
HIV	Humans	↑Erysipelotrichaceae ↑Proteobacteria ↑Enterobacteriaceae ↓Clostridia ↓Bacteroidia	Proctosigmoid	[112]
HIV	Humans	↓Lactobacilli ↓Bifidobacteria ↑Candida albicans ↑Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Fecal	[113,114]
Autistic	Humans (children)	↑Bacteroides vulgates ↑Desulfovibrio ↓Firmicutes ↓Actinobacteria	Fecal	[122]
Rheumatic arthritis	Humans	↓Bifidobacteria ↓Bacteroides fragilis	Fecal	[127]